List of pedigrees Bland of Northern Neck Va. Nicholas of Roundway Hester of Fleming Co Ky Thruston Author's DNA match comparisons  |
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| Ut16 | ROBERT BARNES UTLEY b c 1500 Heptonstall, West Yorkshire d c 1548 Heptonstall, West Yorkshire
ALICE FIRTH b 1490 |
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| Ut15 | ROBERT UTLEY b 1520 Heptonstall, West Yorkshire d 1560 Heptonstall, West Yorkshire
ELIZABETH WALDORF |
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| Ut14 | GEORGE UTLEY b 1550 London d 07.03.1597 Heptonstall West Yorkshire
IDA POSEY b 1545 Langfield, Yorkshire d England |
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| Ut13 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 1573 Langfield, Yorkshire de 12.09.1615 Langfield, Yorkshire
ALICE WALTOVER bt 1585 Yorkshire d Yorkshire |
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| Ut12-2 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 1606 Christchurch, Dorset d 1661 London, Greater London continued below
m MARY MILLS b 1597 Hampshire England d 22.08.1639 London, Greater London |
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| Ut13 | RichardUtley1580
m MARY HEYWOOD b 1596 d 1640. |
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| Ut12 | SAMUEL UTLEY b 03.06.1622, Thorne Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire d. 03.06.1662, Scituate, Plymouth Co MA
He took the oath of fidelity and was granted freeman status between 1633 and 1668.
m HANNAH HATCH 16.09.1658 i Scituate, Massachusetts Bay Colony b 1638 i Sandwich Barnstable Co MA, Colonial America d ett. 1662 i Scituate, Plymouth Co MA dau of WILLIAM HATCH og LYDIA GYLES In 1670, a hearing in the Connecticut General Court was held for the consideration of a petition of Hannah for liberty to marry again, setting forth that she had not heard from her late husband for eight years, with her neighbors also so testifying. She was granted liberty to marry Roger. |
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| Ut11-1 | JOHN UTLEY b 1650, Scituate, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Usa.
m NN 1678 i Yorkshire England. |
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| Ut11-1-1 | JOHN UTLEY b 1672, Scituate, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Usa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-1-2 | ELIJAH UTLEY b 1675, Scituate, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Usa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-1-3 | DAVID UTLEY b 1680. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-2 | JERIMIAH UTLEY b 1655. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-3 | JAPHETH UTLEY b 1657, Scituate, Plymouth, MA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-4 | LYDIA UTLEY b 28.12.1659, Scituate, Plymouth County, MA d. 03.06.1689, Stonington, New London Co CT
m 30.05.1683 Stonington, New London Co CT THOMAS HEWITT b 02.05.1660 Stonington, New London County, CT d 03.06.1686 Stonington, New London Co CT son of THOMAS HEWITT and HANNAH PALMER |
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| Ut11-4-1 | LYDIA HEWITT b 25.06.1684, Scituate, Massachusetts. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut11-4-2 | THOMAS HEWITT b 03.02.1686, Stonington, New London, CT
m PERSIS CLEVELAND, 24.10.1706, Stonington, New London, CT b 21.04.1683, Chelmsford, Middlesex, MA |
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| Ut11 | MARY UTLEY b 1660, Scituate, Plymouth, MA d. 22.07.1774, Hebron, Tolland, CT
m 18.12.1695 Stonington, New London, CT WILLIAM YORKE b 24.07.1674, Stonington, New London, CT d. 17.06.1697, Stonington, New London, CT |
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| Ut11 | SAMUEL UTLEY b 09.09.1662 Scituate, Plymouth Co MA d 09.09.1722, Stonington, New London Co CT
m SARAH ASHBY b 16.12.1672 Bradford, Essex, MA d 19.04.1740 Stonington, New London, CT dau of ANTHONY ASHBY and ABIGAIL HUTCHINSON |
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| Ut10 | JOHN UTLEY b 1690 VA
m 22.08.1720 Stonington, New London, CT ANNAH KIPLIN MCGALLIARD b 24.06.1694 Plainfield, Windham, CT d 03.11.1769 Windham, CT |
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| Ut9 | JOHN UTLEY b 1720, Goochland Goochland Co VA d. 16.03.1762, Goochland Co VA
m aft 26.12.1740 by 31.12.1745 ANN LEWIS b 1730 d 1762 Goochland Co VA dau of JOHN LEWIS and MARY WOODSON |
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| Ut9-1 | JACOB UTLEY b 1735. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-2 | JOHN UTLEY WADE b 02.1739, Goochland, VA d. 27.09.1798, Franklin Co VA
m ALICE WOODRUM, 21.10.1773, St James Northam Parish, Goochland, VA b 1738, Goochland, Goochland, VA d. 06.03.1824, Franklin Co VA |
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| Ut9-3 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 1745, Of Goochland VA
m 1766 St James Northam Parish, Goochland, VA MARY RAGLAND b 1745 Goochland, VA d 1807 dau of ISAC RAGLAND and ELIZABETH THOMPSON |
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| Ut9-3-1 | SUSANNA UTLEY b 1761, VA. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-3-2 | JANE UTLEY b 1763, Goochland, VA. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-3-3 | DOROTHY UTLEY b 1765, Goochland, VA. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-3-4 | JOHN UTLEY b 26.10.1767 St. Jame's Parish, Goochland, VA; d. 1860, Hanover, VA
m REBECCA NICKOLS b 1793 Goochland, VA; d. Hanover, VA. |
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| Ut9-4 | PRUDENCE UTLEY b 1751, Goochland, Goochland, VA
m JOSIAH SEAY, 01.05.1778, Goochland, Virginia, Usa. |
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| Ut9-5 | SUSANNAH UTLEY b 1753, Goochland County, VA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-6 | JOSIAH UTLEY b 1755; d. 1824. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-7 | JOHN UTLEY b 26.12.1755, Goochland, VA
m NANCY ANNE CLARKSON b 1755, Goochland, VA |
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| Ut9-8 | OBEDIAH UTLEY b 03.10.1757, Goochland, VA d. 09.1823, Goochland, VA
m JANE MACLENDON, 1777, Goochland, Goochland, VA b 1760; d. 1795. |
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| Ut9-9 | 13. ix. HEZEKIAH UTLEY b 13.11.1759, Goochland, VA d. 1813, SC br>m 13.05.1784 Wake, NC ELIZABETH HARRISON b 1758 Holly Springs, Wake, NC, d 1810 Robeson, NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut9-9-1 | HEZEKIAH UTLEY b 1785 Wake, NC | -1 WILLIAM PRESTON11 UTLEY (HEZEKIAH10, HEZEKIAH9, b 1799 Wake, NC d 1869 Dover, Pope, AR m1 CORDELIA FLEMING b 1811 Shelby, TN d 1891 Pope, AR m2 1825 Coffee TN JENNY BYINGTON b 1805 + 2 ch | -1-1 MATILDA UTLEY b 1827.
-1-2 WILLIAM PRESTON UTLEY b 1799 Wake, NC d 1869 Dover, Pope, AR |
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| Ut9-10 | LILLIA UTLEY b 04.12.1760, Goochland, VA d. 1821, Goochland, VA
m y Nichols |
-1 REBECCA10 NICKOLS b 1793, Goochland, VA; d. Hanover, VA m JOHN UTLEY b 26.10.1767, St. Jame's Parish, Goochland, VA d. 1860, Hanover, VA. |
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| Ut9-2 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 1715 VA d. 07.05.1794 Raleigh, Wake, NC
m ELIZABETH TURNER 1738 Wake, NC ELIZABETH TURNER b 19.10.1717 Prince William Co VA d 06.08.1801 Wake, NC dau of TITUS TURNER and SARAH BLAKESLY |
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| Ut9-2-1 | JOHN UTLEY b 1741, Edgecombe, NC d. 16.05.1807, Wake, NC dau of ARTHUR COOK and MARTHA HUNTER
m1755 NC MARY COOK b 1742 Wake, NC,British Colonial America d 1807 Wake, NC |
-1 JOHN UTLEY b 1773, Wake, NC, British Colonial America; d. 28.04.1853, Wake, NC
m CHARITY JONES RENCH 1792 Wake, NC,. Hun b 1767 Johnston, Colonial NC Usa d 28.04.1853 Wake, NC Aka "Rench Choristy Jones" dau of JOHN WRENCH and REBECCA CHERRY |
-1-1 WESTON UTLEY b 1791
-1-2 WESLEY UTLEY b 1794, Wake, NC m CATHERINE JONES, 03.02.1816, Wake, NC b 1795, NC -1-3 24. iii. ANDREW BRADFORD UTLEY b 1798 Wake, NC d. 1870 Wake, NC m 03.01.1824, CATHERINE CYNTHIA BROWNE b 1803 Wake, NC d 1875 Wake, NC dau of HENRY BROWN and LUCY WOMACK |
-1-3-1 SARAH JANE UTLEY b 1825, Wake, NC -1-3-2 ANDREW JACKSON UTLEY b 09.12.1826, Wake, NC d. 20.09.1891, Wake, NC m1 MARY ADALINE STEPHENSON b 1837 d 1919 + 4 ch m2 x +4 ch |
-1-3-2-1 CHARLES ALLISON UTLEY b 1861. -1-3-2-2 JAMES HENRY UTLEY b 1863; d. 1926. -1-3-2-3 JOHN CALHOUN UTLEY b 15.07.1869 Wake, NC d 17.01.1948 Wake, NC m 29.04.1903 PEARL CORNELIA MCDONALD b 06.06.1882, Harnett, NC -1-3-2-4 SARAH LIN UTLEY b 1859. -1-3-2-5 MILLARD F UTLEY. -1-3-2-6 M FILLMORE UTLEY. -1-3-2-7 JAMES C UTLEY. -1-3-2-8 NELLIE UTLEY b 1879. |
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| Ut9-2-2 | JACOB UTLEY b 1741, Edgecombe, NC d. 17.08.1796, Wake, NC
m PHOEBE SANDERS; b 1745, Wake, NC |
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| Ut9-2-3 | LUCY UTLEY b 1739, Johnston, NC d. 02.1816, Wake, NC
m HARDY SANDERS, 1759, Cumberland, NC b 1739, Bertie, NC d. 1812, Raleigh, Wake, NC |
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| Ut9-2-4 | ISHAM UTLEY b 1752, Johnston Co NC d. 24.10.1835, Wake Co NC.
m MARY MYATT 14.02.1772 Colonial NC, dau of JOHN MYATT and ELIZABETH ALLEN. Hun b 1754 Johnston Co NC Usa d 31.01.1862 Wake Co NC |
-1 MARY UTLEY b 1794 m STEPHEN PEARSON b 1786; d. 1865 Harnett, NC |
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| Ut9-2-5 | DAVID UTLEY b 1756, Raleigh, Wake Co., NC d. 15.11.1790, Raleigh, Wake Co., NC
m MARY PENNY, 26.01.1777, Wake Co., NC b 1761, Johnston NC d. 15.07.1852. |
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| Ut9-2-6 | CYNTHIA UTLEY b 14.01.1756, Edgecombe NC d. 26.02.1829, Dickson Co TN
m MATTHEW WALTER MYATT, 04.11.1775, Wake Co NC b 20.09.1747, Johnston Co NC d. 27.09.1817, Wake Co NC |
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| Ut9-2-7 | LITTLETON UTLEY b 1760, Wake, NC d. 02.1794, Wake, NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut10-2 | ABIGAIL UTLEY b 13.01.1692, Stonington, New London Co CT d. 15.07.1728, Coventry, Tolland County, CT
m JOHN SCRIPTURE b 13.01.1688, Groton Middlesex Co MA d. 24.07.1779, Coventry Tolland Co CT |
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| Ut10-3 | Capt JAMES UTLEY b 24.09.1695, Stonington, New London County, CT d. 17.05.1756, Scituate, Plymouth County MA
m ANNA MCGALLIARD b 24.06.1694 Plainfield, Windham County, CT d 03.11.1769 Windsor, Hartford Co CT |
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| Ut10-3-1 | HANNAH UTLEY b 17.04.1727, Windham, Windham County, CTd. 30.05.1731, Windham, Windham Co CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut10-3-2 | Capt WILLIAM UTLEY b 25.02.1724, Windham, Windham Co CT d. 07.05.1794, Raleigh, Wake Co NC
m 1745 SARAH PEABODY b 05.06.1725 Boxford, Essex County, MA d 1817 Ashford, Windham Co CT |
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| DULANY HARRINGTON s.r. lived in Louisburg, Franklin, NC, Alias Jake Deckir Dudly Harrington The Cheraw people, also known as the Saraw or Saura, were a Siouan-speaking tribe of Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, in the Piedmont area of NC near the Sauratown Mountains, east of Pilot Mountain and north of the Yadkin River. They lived in villages near the Catawba River.Their first European and African contact was with the Hernando De Soto Expedition in 1540. The early explorer John Lawson included them in the larger eastern-Siouan confederacy, which he called "the Esaw Nation." After attacks in the late 17th century and early 18th century, they moved to the southeast around the Pee Dee River, where the Cheraw name became more widely used. They became extinct as a tribe, although some descendants survived as remnant peoples. Name Originally known as the "Saraw", they became known by the name of one of their villages, Cheraw. They are also known as the Charáh, Charrows, Charra, Charaws, Charraws, Chara,[5] Sara, Saraw, Saura, Suali, Sualy, Xualla, Xualae, and Xuala. Xuala and Xualla were Spanish and Portuguese spellings of their name. The name they called themselves is lost to history, but the Cherokee called them Ani-Suwa'li. Territory: The DeSoto Expedition traveled through the Xuala province in 1540. James Mooney identified this as Cheraw territory.[ Cheraw (Saura, Xualae) were reported in various parts of South Carolina, NC, Virginia, and West Virginia.[citation needed] In the early 18th century, the Cheraw lived in present-day Chesterfield County in northeastern South Carolina. This region, which now encompasses present-day Chesterfield, Marlboro, Darlington, and parts of Lancaster counties, was known later in the 18th and 19th centuries as "The Cheraws", the "Cheraw Hills", and later the "Old Cheraws." Their main village was near the site of present-day Cheraw, close to the NC border. Cheraw was one of the earliest inland towns which European Americans established in South Carolina.[citation needed] Origins: This section does not cite any sources. Scholars have conflicting theories about the tribe, its history, and its relation to other tribes. Some sources say the Cheraw are descended from the Mississippian culture chiefdom of Joara, located in present-day western NC. In the mid-16th century, the Juan Pardo Expedition founded the short-lived Fort San Juan in Joara. 16th century: Few historical references to the Cheraw exist. Spanish explorer De Soto may have passed through Cheraw towns in the mountains near present-day Asheville and Henderson, Polk, and Rutherford counties in NC in 1540. Their villages were adjacent to those of the Pedee and Catawba peoples. 17th century: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In 1600, they may have numbered 1,200. In 1670, they left their homes near present-day Asheville to settle on the lower Yadkin River, then the Dan River in Rockingham County By 1672, they may have moved to the Stokes County region, near the Saura Mountains. In 1670, German explorer John Lederer, departing from Fort Henry in Virginia Colony, explored deep into NC and described a large town he called "Sara", in the mountains that "receive from the Spaniards the name of Suala". He wrote that the natives here mined cinnabar to make purple facepaint, and had cakes of salt. James Needham and Gabriel Archer also explored the entire area from Fort Henry in 1671, and described this town as "Sarrah." 18th century: A c. 1724 annotated copy of a deerskin Catawba map of the tribes between Charleston (left) and Virginia (right) following the displacements of a century of disease and enslavement and the 1715–7 Yamasee War. The Cheraw are labelled as "Charra". In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca[7] of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee Indians tribe. The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned. Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, NC, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C. The Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712. Some Cheraw fought with colonizers in the Tuscarora War. In 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in NC. Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors. The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina. The 3rd company was of "northern Indians" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong. They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others. The 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker. Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others. This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion. Historian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting colonizers in the war.[8] Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as "about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees", whose home is described as "on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast". This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers. In 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory. On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace. They were out of the war by October 1715. Statue of a Sauratown woman at the NC Museum of History: In 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the NC and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town. The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit. He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their home in present-day New York. The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area. When the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis.[4] In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba. In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by colonizer James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler.[10] The remnants of the tribes combined. The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory. They were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768. During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier. Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter. Population: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In 1715, South Carolinian John Barnwell conducted a census of Indians in the region. The Saraw were grouped with the "northern" or "Piedmont" peoples. This group had relatively fewer ties to South Carolina and were not counted as accurately as were the Muscogee, Cherokee, Yamasee, and others. Other "northern" Piedmont peoples named in the 1715 census include the Catawba, Waccamaw, Santee Congaree, Wereaw, and others. The Saraw are listed as living in one village with a population of 510, of which 140 were men and 370 were women and children. South Carolina probably acquired these numbers at least partially through second-hand sources and estimates. In 1768, Cheraw numbered only 50–60 individuals.[citation needed] Descendants: In 1835, Cheraw descendants, who had been absorbed into the Catawba tribe,[11] were classified as "free people of color" in local records. Today the state-recognized Lumbee Indians of Robeson County, NC, and the Sumter Tribe of Cheraw Indians Sumter County, South Carolina,[ claim descent from the Cheraw. Namesakes: Cheraw, South Carolina, is named for the tribe. Cheraw, Colorado was named by an early settler who was born in Cheraw, South Carolina, and migrated west. Cheraw, Mississippi was named by a contingent of passported Cheraw to Bogue Chitto Neshoba District of Choctaw land in 1810 from Dimery Settlement. Chief of Churrah, Thomas Parker, was the recipient of the re-reserve land at Honey Island Swamp on the Little PeDee and he willed that land to his nephew, John Parker. Located in Walnut Cove, NC, South Stokes High School's team mascot name honors the Native American Indian Saura tribe. The Sauratown Mountains, located in the region the tribe inhabited, are named for the Saura. |
Ut10-3-2-1 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 03.01.1750 Raleigh, Wake Co NC d 06.08.1808, Harnett, Cumberland Co TN
m DORCAS ALLEN 10.06.1767 Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC Usa. Hun b 07.07.1751 Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC Usa d 16.10.1813 Harnett, Cumberland County, NC |
-1 21. i. ALLEN UTLEY b 02.12.1768, Johnston, NC d. 05.06.1857, Harnett, NC
m1 VIRGNIA WINNINGHAM.b 1775 NC m2 SARAH HUTCHINS b 1775 NC m3 24.12.1790 Franklin, NC CATHERINE YARBOROUGH b 1770 Cumberland, NC d 23.12.1815 Wake Co NC + 9 ch dau of JOHN YARBROUGH and ELIZABETH HUDSON -3 JOYCE UTLEY b 1774, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC d. 1855, Todd County, KY -4 JACOB UTLEY b 15.04.1777, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC d. 21.10.1854, Weir, Muhlenberg Co., KY -5 FEREBY UTLEY b 1780, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NCd. 1820, Tennessee Usa. -6 REBECCA N UTLEY b 1784, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC d. 29.11.1858, Christian Co KY -7 EADETH UTLEY b 01.08.1792, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC U; d. 08.09.1854, Chandlerville, Cass Co IL -8 WILLIAM UTLEY b 1799, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC d. 1830, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC |
-1-1 DORCAS UTLEY b 1790, Cumberland, NC
-1-2 GREEN UTLEY b 16.01.1791, Cumberland, Cumberland, NC d. 01.12.1872, Madison, TN -1-3 CHARLOTTE UTLEY b 1796, Wake County, NC Usa. -1-4 MARGARET ELIZABETH UTLEY b 1797, Orange, NC d. 1819, Wake, NC bur Huntsville, Walker, TX -1-5 TEMPERANCE ANN UTLEY b 1798, Wake County, NC Usa; d. 26.04.1876, Cumberland, NC m Rev WILLIAM BETTS b 1799 Isle of Wight Co VA d 1843 Harnett Co NC -1-6 LUCINDA UTLEY b 1802, Cumberland, NC m JOHN WILEY SEXTON. -1-7 CHARITY UTLEY b 1805, Chatham, NC d. 1873, Greenbrier, Faulkner, AZ m1 DULANY HARRINGTON b 1800 Cheraw Co SC d 18.02.1836 Butler Co AL + 1 ch m2 18.01.1827 Chatham NC JOSEPH DICKENS b 1808 Chatham, NC d 25.08.1875 Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR + 8 ch son of THOMAS DICKENS and MARY STEPHENS -1-8 ELIZABETH R UTLEY b 1810, Chatham, NC -1-9 SOPHIA UTLEY b 1815 -2 SARAH UTLEY b 1771, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC |
-1-5-1 ALLEN BETTS b 1827 NC d 23.02.1897. -1-5-2 ALEXANDER DAVIS BETTS b 25.08.1832, Cumberland, NC d. 18.12.1918, Greensboro Guilford Co NC m MARY ELIZABETH DAVIS; b 13.05.1837, Orange Co, NC d. 05.09.1879, Guilford Co NC -1-6-1 EMILY SEXTON b 07.04.1833 d 03.02.1910 m JAMES ANDERSON BAKER; b 1829. -1-7-1 30. i. JOHN DICKENS b 05.01.1838 Franklin Co NC d 14.02.1916, Louisburg Franklin NC m FEREBEE A ALFORD b 1834 Franklin Co NC dau of DANIEL ALFORD and FERABAH JOHNSON -1-7-2 31. ii. THOMAS CHARLES12 DICKENS b 1828 Chatham NC d 18.02.1864, Faulkner, AR -1-7-3 SARAH DICKENS b 1833 Chatham, NC d 1896, Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR -1-7-4 MILLIE MANASSA DICKENS b 1836 Chatham NC d 1868. -1-7-5 JOHN J DICKENS b 06.01.1838 Chatham, NC d 02.10.1908, Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR -1-7-6 ANDREW JACKSON DICKENS b 09.10.1841 Gibson, Gibson, TN d 18.07.1909, Greenbrier Township, Independence, AR -1-7-7 ELIZABETH M DICKENS b 1843 Gibson, TN d 21.10.1863, Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR -1-7-8 JOSEPH A DICKENS b 10.1847 Gibson, TN d 24.03.1905, Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR -1-7-9 GEORGE E DICKENS b 1855 Gibson, TN d 1883. |
-1-7-1-1 32. i. MATILDA S DICKENS b Louisburg NC d. 07.03.1924, Kittrell, Franklington, NC -1-7-1-2 33. ii. CATHARINE DICKENS b 06.08.1852, Maggart, Smith, TN d. 23.07.1911, Smith, TN -1-7-1-3 PATIENCE DICKENS b 1855, NC Usa. -1-7-1-4 ALLEN DICKENS b 1857, Hillsboro, NC Usa. -1-7-1-5 JESSEE DICKENS b 1861, NC Usa. -1-7-1-6 CHARLES W DICKENS b 16.08.1861. s.r. -1-7-1-7 DUDLEY DICKENS b 1862, Hillsboro, NC Usa; m ROSA ALFORD; b 1870. -1-7-1-8 FRANCIS DICKENS b 1867, Louisburg NC Usa. -1-7-1-9 JACOB DICKENS b 1869, Louisburg NC Usa. -1-7-1-10 EMILY DICKENS b 1872, Louisburg NC Usa. -1-7-1-11 JOHN DICKENS b 1877, NC Usa. -1-7-1-12 JONAS DICKENS b 1877 |
Interviewer: T. Pat Matthews Person Interviewed: Charles W. Dickens Location: Raleigh, NC (1115 East Lenoir Street) My name is Charles W. Dickens. lives at 1115 East Lenoir Street, Raleigh, NC, Wake County. was born August 16, 1861, de year de war started. My mother was named Ferebee Dickens. My father was named John Dickens. had nine sisters and brothers. My brothers were named Allen, Douglas, my name [HW: question mark above “my name”], Jake, Johnnie and Jonas. The girls Katie, Matilda Francis, and Emily Dickens. My grandmother wuz named Charity Dickens. My grandfather wuz Dudley T. Dickens. do not know where dey came from. No, don’t think do. My mother belonged to Washington Scarborough, and so did we chilluns. My father he belonged to Obediah Dickens and missus wuz named Silvia Dickens. Dey lowed mother to go by the name of my father after dey wuz married. We lived in log houses and we had bunks in ’em. Master died, but ‘member missus wuz mighty good to us. We had tolerable fair food, and as fur as know she wuz good to us in every way. We had good clothing made in a loom, that is de cloth wuz made in de loom. My father lived in Franklin County. My mother lived in Wake County. ‘member hearin’ father talk about walkin’ so fur to see us. There wuz about one dozen slaves on de plantation. Dere were no hired overseers. Missus done her own bossing. have heard my father speak about de patterollers, but never seed none. heard him say he could not leave the plantation without a strip o’ something. No, sir, the white folks did not teach us to read and write. My mother and father, no sir, they didn’t have any books of any kind. We went to white folk’s church. My father split slats and made baskets to sell. He said his master let him have all de money he made sellin’ de things he made. He learned a trade. He wuz a carpenter. One of the young masters got after father, so he told me, and he went under de house to keep him from whuppin’ him. When missus come home she wouldn’t let young master whup him. She jist wouldn’t ‘low it. I ‘members de Yankees comin’ through. When mother heard they were comin’, she took us chillun and carried us down into an ole field, and after that she carried us back to the house. Missus lived in a two-story house. We lived in a little log house in front of missus’ house. My mother had a shoulder of meat and she hid it under a mattress in the house. When the Yankees lef, she looked for it; they had stole the meat and gone. Yes, they stole from us slaves. The road the Yankees wuz travellin’ wuz as thick wid’ em as your fingers. ‘member their blue clothes, their blue caps. De chickens they were carrying on their horses wuz crowing. Dey wuz driving cows, hogs, and things. Yes sir, ahead of ’em they come first. The barns and lots were on one side de road dey were trabellin’ on and de houses on de other. Atter many Yankees had passed dey put a bodyguard at de door of de great house, and didn’t ‘low no one to go in dere. looked down at de Yankees and spit at ’em. Mother snatched me back, and said, ‘Come back here chile, dey will kill you.’ Dey carried de horses off de plantation and de meat from missus’ smokehouse and buried it. My uncle, Louis Scarborough, stayed wid de horses. He is livin’ yet, he is over a hundred years old. He lives down at Moores Mill, Wake County, near Youngsville. Before de surrender one of de boys and my uncle got to fightin’, one of de Scarborough boys and him. My uncle threw him down. The young Master Scarborough jumped up, and got his knife and cut uncle’s entrails out so uncle had to carry ’em to de house in his hands. About a year after de war my father carried us to Franklin County. He carried us on a steer cart. Dat’s about all ‘member about de war. Abraham Lincoln was de man who set us free. think he wuz a mighty good man. He done so much for de colored race, but what he done was intended through de higher power. don’t think slavery wuz right. I think Mr. Roosevelt is a fine man, one of the best presidents in the world. voted for him, and would vote for him ag’in. He has done a lot for de people, and is still doin’. He got a lot of sympathy for ’em. Yas sir, a lot of sympathy for de people. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stebbins History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Stebbins is one of the thousands of new names that the Norman Conquest brought to England in 1066. The Stebbins family lived in Essex having derived from the Old English word stybbing, meaning stumps, and indicates that the original bearer lived in or near an area which had been cleared of trees. Early Origins of the Stebbins family: The surname Stebbins was first found in Essex at Stebbing, a small village in the Uttlesford district that dates back to the Domesday Book where it was listed as Stibinga and either meant "settlement of the family or followers of a man called Stybba" or "dwellers among the tree-stumps." [ Although the Old English roots of this name suggest that they pre-date the Normans in Britain, they were also conjecturally descended from Thomas de Colunces who's son Hugh acquired the lands of Stebbing and Woodham Ferrars in Essex, containing two Mills, vines, and five beehives. Thomas was descended from the Colunces of Calvados in Normandy. Stubbins is an industrial village in the southern part of the Rossendale Valley, Lancashire and dates back to 1563 when it was first listed as Stubbing. It literally meant "a place with tree stumps." Early History of the Stebbins family: This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Stebbins research. Another 59 words (4 lines of text) covering the years 1611, 1647, 1728, 1687, 1763 and 1735 are included under the topic Early Stebbins History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Stebbins Spelling Variations: Multitudes of spelling variations are a hallmark of Anglo Norman names. Most of these names evolved in the 11th and 12th century, in the time after the Normans introduced their own Norman French language into a country where Old and Middle English had no spelling rules and the languages of the court were French and Latin. To make matters worse, medieval scribes spelled words according to sound, so names frequently appeared differently in the various documents in which they were recorded. The name was spelled Stebbing, Stebing, Stubbings, Stubbing, Stebbings and many more. Early Notables of the Stebbins family (pre 1700): Another 31 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Stebbins Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Stebbins Ranking: In the United States, the name Stebbins is the 5,850th most popular surname with an estimated 4,974 people with that name. United States Stebbins migration to the United States + Because of this political and religious unrest within English society, many people decided to immigrate to the colonies. Families left for Ireland, North America, and Australia in enormous numbers, traveling at high cost in extremely inhospitable conditions. The New World in particular was a desirable destination, but the long voyage caused many to arrive sick and starving. Those who made it, though, were welcomed by opportunities far greater than they had known at home in England. Many of these families went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations of Canada and the United States. Analysis of immigration records indicates that some of the first North American immigrants bore the name Stebbins or a variant listed above: Stebbins Settlers in United States in the 17th Century: Mrs. Sarah Stebbins, (Stebing), aged 43, from Essex, who landed in New England in 1634 aboard the ship "Francis", bound for Roxbury Edmund Stebbins, who landed in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1634 Rowland Stebbins, (Stebing), aged 40, from Essex, who landed in New England in 1634 aboard the ship "Francis", bound for Roxbury Mr. Thomas Stebbins, (Stebing), aged 14, from Essex, who landed in New England in 1634 aboard the ship "Francis", bound for Roxbury Miss Sarah Stebbins, (Stebing), aged 11, from Essex, who landed in New England in 1634 aboard the ship "Francis", bound for Roxbury ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Stebbins Settlers in United States in the 19th Century Mr. Stebbins, who arrived in Mobile, Ala in 1822 H Stebbins, who arrived in San Francisco, California in 1851 J Stebbins, who landed in San Francisco, California in 1851 Contemporary Notables of the name Stebbins (post 1700) + Nanthaniel Livermore Stebbins (1847-1922), noted American marine photographer Jon Stebbins, American musician and author of three books about The Beach Boys Charles Stebbins (1789-1873), American lawyer and politician Henry George Stebbins (1811-1881), U.S. Representative from New York Michael Stebbins, American geneticist and science writer Richard Vaughn Stebbins (b. 1945), former American athlete, winner of gold medal in 4x100 m relay at the 1964 Summer Games Genevieve Stebbins (1857-1914), American author, teacher, and performer of the Delsarte system of expression Dan Stebbins, retired American soccer forward Raymond C. "Ray" Stebbins, United States attorney and political activist Theodore E. Stebbins Jr., American art historian, museum curator, university professor, and writer ... (Another 36 notables are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Related Stories + The Stebbins Motto + The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto: Quiescam Motto Translation: shall rest. |
Ut10-3-2-2 | PEABODY UTLEY b 31.01.1769, Ashford, Windham Co CT d. 1820, Richmond, Ontario Co NY
m SERAPHINA HILDRETH b 13.03.1771 Amherst, Hillsborough Co NH d 17.10.1846 Plymouth, Wayne County, MI |
-1 WILLIAM H UTLEY b 19.04.1797, Landgrove, Bennington Co VT d. 17.12.1870, DeWitt, Clinton Co MI
m MAHALA WILEY b 22.09.1798 Landgrove, Bennington County, VT d 30.08.1878 DeWitt, Clinton County, MI |
-1-1 FRANCIS JANE UTLEY b 30.04.1830, Plymouth, Wayne County, MI d. 10.10.1898, White Cloud, Newaygo Co MI m JAMES MONROE GIBBS; b 10.10.1825, roy, Oakland County, MI d. 18.07.1907, White Cloud, Newaygo County, MI m ALEXANDER POPE STEBBINS. Han b 26.03.1811 Adams Co MA d 02.02.1895 Adrian, Lenawee County, MI | -1-1-1 HARRIET STEBBINS b 30.08.1836, MI d. 01.04.1865, Lenawee Co MI m DR CUTTING BAGLEY WILEY.
-1-1-2 STRAPHINA M STEBBINS b 11.1837 Lenawee County, MI d 06.04.1841, Lenawee Co MI -1-1-3 CAROLINE M STEBBINS b 09.09.1838, Adrian, Lenawee Co MI d. 22.03.1923 Tecumseh, Lenawee Co MI m WILLIAM B SMITH b 06.08.1839, Lenawee Co MI d 22.02.1921, Lenawee Co MI -1-1-4 DELIA W STEBBINS b 23.10.1840 d 06.07.1887, ayette, Fulton Co OH m AUSTIN KEYS FORD b 22.04.1836, Cummington, Hampshire Co MA d 07.04.1913, Fulton Co OH -1-1-5 MARILLA LORENA STEBBINS b 21.07.1842 Adrian Lenawee County, MI d 17.04.1906, Dunlap, Harrison County, IA -1-1-6 EMMA JANE STEBBINS b 27.12.1846 -1-1-7 LILLIAN L STEBBINS b 1855 d 1929, Adrian, Lenawee Co MI m JAMES IRVING FULLER; b 1853; d. 1932, Adrian, Lenawee County, MI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 9
31. THOMAS CHARLES12 DICKENS (CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 1828 Chatham NC d 18.02.1864 Faulkner, Arkansas, Usa m MARTHA JANE ROBERTS. Hun b 1826 VA d 1865 East Fork, Faulkner, Arkansas, Usa. Barn av THOMAS DICKENS and MARTHA ROBERTS er: 34. i. ALICE G13 DICKENS b 1855, Gibson, Tennessee Usa; d. 1894, Cherry Valley Cross Arkansas Usa. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 10
32. MATILDA S13 DICKENS (JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b Louisburg NC Usa d 07.03.1924 Kittrell, Franklington, NC Usa m (1) THOMAS HENRY BLACKNALL, sønn av WILLIAM BLACKNALL and MARGARET OUSBY. Han b 20.04.1900 Warren County Wake County d 23.10.1930 Wake County NC Usa m (2) THOMAS HENRY BLACKNALL 20.11.1888 Franklin, NC, United States. Han b 20.04.1900 Warren County NC Usa d 23.10.1930 Wake County NC Usa. Notater for MATILDA S DICKENS: John Dickens mentioned in the record of Matilda S Blackwell Name: John Dickens Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Gender: Male Wife: Feraba Child: Matilda S Blackwell Other information in the record of Matilda S Blackwell from NC, Deaths Name: Matilda S Blackwell Event Date: 07 Mar 1924 Event Place: Kittrell, Franklington, NC Gender: Female Race (Original): Colored Race: Colored Age (Original): 58y Birth Date: Apr 1866 Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Marital Status: Married Spouse's Name: Thomas Blackwell Father's Name: John Dickens Father's Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Mother's Name: Feraba Mother's Birthplace: Nc Occupation: Farming Residence Place: Kittrell, NC Cemetery: Whitehall Church Burial Place: Franklington Co. Burial Date: 09 Mar 1924 Informant's Name (Original): X GS Film number: 1893245 , Digital Folder Number: 4177414 , Image Number: 218 , Reference ID: fn 848 cn 37 Barn av MATILDA DICKENS and THOMAS BLACKNALL er: 35. i. CHARLES CHRISTOPHER14 BLACKNALL b 04.12.1830, Granville Co NC Usa; d. 06.11.1864, Wake Co NC Usa. ii. MATHEW A BLACKNALL b 1900; d. 29.06.1989, Chapel Hill, Orange, NC Usa; m MARY FRANCES BURRELL. 33. CATHARINE13 DICKENS (JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 06.08.1852 Maggart, Smith, Tennessee, USA d 23.07.1911 Smith, Tennessee, USA m (1) JAMES HENRY WILSON, sønn av GEORGE WILSON and DORCAS ANDERSON. Han b 1855 Louisburg, Franklin Co NC Usa m (2) HANDY C HILL, sønn av DANIEL HILL and LINDY BLAND. Han b 01.02.1878 Franklin Co NC Usa m (3) CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS WHITE 02.07.1865 Hickman, Smith, Tennessee, USA, sønn av HIRAM WHITE and CAROLINE SADDLER. Han b 03.10.1843 Jonesboro, Smith, Tennessee, USA d 29.01.1925 Smith, Tennessee, Usa. Notater for CATHARINE DICKENS: Katy Dickens mentioned in the record of Handy Hill and Katy Dickens Name: Handy Hill Event Type: Marriage Event Date: 06 Feb 1878 Event Place: , NC, United States Age: 50 Birth Year (Estimated): 1828 Spouse's Name: Katy Dickens Spouse's Age: 20 Spouse's Birth Year (Estimated): 1858 Digital Folder Number: 004810412 GS Film number: 002404027 , Image Number: 00636 Effie E Wilson United States Census, 1900 Name: Effie E Wilson Event Type: Census Event Year: 1900 Event Place: Hillsboro Township Hillsboro town, Orange, NC, United States Gender: Female Age: 13 Marital Status: Single Race: Black Race (Original): B Relationship to Head of Household: Daughter Relationship to Head of Household (Original): Daughter Birth Date: Jun 1887 Birthplace: North Carolina Father's Birthplace: North Carolina Mother's Birthplace: North Carolina Household Role Gender Age Birthplace Henry Wilson Head M Kattie Wilson Wife F Janet Wilson Daughter F 20 Thomas Wilson Son M 18 Bessie E Wilson Daughter F 15 Effie E Wilson Daughter F 13 Norfled W Wilson Son M 11 Birter T Wilson Daughter F 8 Fredrick C Wilson Son M 6 Edner Wilson Daughter F 4 Mable L Wilson Granddaughter F 4 Willie Wilson Grandson M 1 District: 69 , Sheet Number and Letter: 11B , Household ID: 209 , Line Number: 94 , Affiliate Name: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) , Affiliate Publication Number: T623 , GS Film Number: 1241210 , Digital Folder Number: 004117838 , Image Number: 00158 Notater for JAMES HENRY WILSON: Alias Jake Deckir Charity .Dickens mentioned in the record of John Dickens Name: Charity .Dickens Birthplace: Unknown Gender: Female Husband: Dudly Harrington Child: John Dickens Other information in the record of John Dickens from NC, Deaths Name: John Dickens Event Date: 14 Feb 1916 Event Place: Louisburg, Franklin, NC Gender: Male Race (Original): Clored Race: Colored Age (Original): abt 84y Birth Date: About 1832 Birthplace: Franklin Co. Marital Status: Married Father's Name: Dudly Harrington Father's Birthplace: Unknown Mother's Name: Charity .Dickens Mother's Birthplace: Unknown Occupation: Mechanic Burial Place: Public S..., Louisburg, N.C. Burial Date: 25 Feb 1916 Informant's Name (Original): X GS Film number: 1878025 , Digital Folder Number: 4215242 , Image Number: 1428 , Reference ID: fn 152 cn 224 Barn av CATHARINE DICKENS and JAMES WILSON er: i. LONNIE14 WILSON b 1875, NC Usa. ii. LIZZIE WILSON b 1876, NC Usa. iii. JANET WILSON b 1880, NC Usa. iv. THOMAS WILSON b 1882, NC Usa. v. BESSIE E WILSON b 1885, NC Usa. vi. EFFIE E WILSON b 1887, NC Usa. vii. NORFLED W WILSON b 07.1887, NC Usa. viii. BIRTER T WILSON b 1892, NC Usa. ix. FREDRICK C WILSON b 1894, NC Usa. 36. x. JULIA WILSON b 15.08.1895, Hillsboro Orange Co NC Usa; d. 09.07.1922, Hopkinsville, Christian, Kentucky Usa. Barn av CATHARINE DICKENS and HANDY HILL er: xi. TUNSTALL14 HILL. Barn av CATHARINE DICKENS and CHRISTOPHER WHITE er: 37. xii. WILLIAM CLARK14 WHITE b 24.09.1880, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 18.01.1960, Nashville, Davidson, Tennesse Usa. xiii. NIDA ELLA WHITE b 25.07.1868, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. før 1920, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. xiv. SAMUEL PEYTON WHITE b 06.04.1871, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 25.07.1899, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. xv. CHARITY ELIZABETH WHITE b 01.09.1876, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 06.12.1899, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. xvi. LAURA WHITE b 31.07.1878, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 24.07.1901, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. xvii. FERNANDO WHITE b 05.11.1885, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 14.04.1974, Carthage, Smith, Tennessee, USA. 34. ALICE G13 DICKENS (THOMAS CHARLES12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 1855 Gibson, Tennessee Usa d 1894 Cherry Valley Cross Arkansas Usa m SPEED C CURTNER, sønn av WILLIAM CURTNER and SUSANA. Han b 01.1853 Poinsett, Arkansas Usa d 19.07.1939 Cherry Valley Cross Arkansas Usa. Barn av ALICE DICKENS and SPEED CURTNER er: 38. i. ABNER BYRON14 CURTNER b 20.12.1876, Arkansas Usa; d. 16.12.1923, Bapt. Hosp Memphis Shelby, Tennessee Usa. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 11
35. CHARLES CHRISTOPHER14 BLACKNALL (MATILDA S13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 04.12.1830 Granville Co NC Usa d 06.11.1864 Wake Co NC Usa m VIRGINIA BASKERVILLE 16.10.1851. Hun b 27.07.1830 Granville Co NC Usa d 29.11.1902. Notater for CHARLES CHRISTOPHER BLACKNALL: Civil War Confederate Army Officer. The pre-war Mayor of Franklinton, NC, he enlisted as a Captain in the 13th NC Infantry regiment after the outbreak of the Civil War. He fought with the unit, which was re-designated as the 23rd NC Infantry regiment, in its participation in the campaigns in Virginia, and was captured at the May 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville. After his exchange he was promoted to Major in time for the unit's participation in the July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg. There, on the First Day of the Battle, he was with his unit as it made an ill-conceived charge on Federal positions that was repulsed with severe losses. Every field officer in the 23rd NC was killed or wounded, except one. Colonel Daniel H. Christie was mortally wounded, and Major Blacknall was shot through the mouth and neck. Captured by Federal forces once again, he remained in their captivity while recovering from his grievous wound, and was eventually exchanged again. After rejoining his regiment, he was promoted to Colonel and commander to replace Colonel Christie. At the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19, 1864, he was wounded in the foot, and prevented Confederate surgeons from amputating it, reputedly saying "I'll live yet to dance on that foot". Hobbled by the wound, he still led his men in engagements at Auburn and Morton's Gap, Virginia in October 1864. His wound would prove mortal though, and he died on November 6, 1864 a few weeks after the crushing Confederate defeat at the October 19, 1864 Battle of Cedar Creek. His story was chronicled in the 2000 work "Confederate Courage on Other Fields: Four Lesser Known Accounts of the War Between the States" by Mark J. Crawford. Notater for VIRGINIA BASKERVILLE: Shares a spire with Emma Blacknall Barn av CHARLES BLACKNALL and VIRGINIA BASKERVILLE er: 39. i. WILLIAM HENRY15 BLACKNALL b 04.12.1854, Granville County NC Usa; d. 30.04.1924, Wake Co NC Usa. 36. JULIA14 WILSON (CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 15.08.1895 Hillsboro Orange Co NC Usa d 09.07.1922 Hopkinsville, Christian, Kentucky Usa m (1) JAMES S LONG, sønn av WILLIAM LONG and MARY UNDERWOOD. Han b 1866 Stanly Co NC Usa m (2) SIMUEL J WHITTED 17.11.1917 Hillsboro Township Orange, NC, sønn av SAMUEL WHITTED and FRANCES MOORE. Han b 12.12.1893 Orange Co NC Usa d 11.05.1925 Hillsboro, Orange, NC Usa. Notater for JULIA WILSON: Alias Fannie Julia Wilson Long mentioned in the record of Sam Whitted and Julia Wilson Long Name: Sam Whitted Birth Date: 1894 Age: 23 Spouse's Name: Julia Wilson Long Spouse's Birth Date: 1895 Spouse's Age: 22 Event Date: 17 Nov 1917 Event Place: Hillsboro Township, Orange, NC Father's Name: Sam Whitted Mother's Name: Fannie Whitted Spouse's Father's Name: Henry Wilson Spouse's Mother's Name: Katie Wilson Race: Black Spouse's Race: Black Indexing Project (Batch) Number: M75218-7 , System Origin: NC-EASy , GS Film number: 540321 , Reference ID: 268 Notater for JAMES S LONG: Name: James S. Long Birth Date: 1866 Age: 27 Spouse's Name: Maria Horne Spouse's Birth Date: 1871 Spouse's Age: 22 Event Date: 22 Oct 1893 Event Place: Harris, Stanly, NC Father's Name: William Long Mother's Name: Mary Long Spouse's Father's Name: Abram Horne Spouse's Mother's Name: Mary Horne Indexing Project (Batch) Number:M75228-6 ,System Origin: NC-EASy ,GS Film number:590260 No image available Search collection About this collection Citing this Record "North Carolina, Marriages, 1759-1979," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/F8CY-YL7 : accessed 01 Aug 2014), Mary Long in entry for James S. Long and Maria Horne, 22 Oct 1893; citing Harris, Stanly, NC, reference ; FHL microfilm 590260. Name: James S. Long Birth Date: 1866 Age: 27 Spouse's Name: Maria Horne Spouse's Birth Date: 1871 Spouse's Age: 22 Event Date: 22 Oct 1893 Event Place: Harris, Stanly, NC Father's Name: William Long Mother's Name: Mary Long Spouse's Father's Name: Abram Horne Spouse's Mother's Name: Mary Horne Indexing Project (Batch) Number:M75228-6 ,System Origin: NC-EASy ,GS Film number:590260 No image available Search collection About this collection Citing this Record "North Carolina, Marriages, 1759-1979," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/F8CY-YLS : accessed 31 Jul 2014), Mary Horne in entry for James S. Long and Maria Horne, 22 Oct 1893; citing Harris, Stanly, NC, reference ; FHL microfilm 590260. James Long, Township10, Bethel Church, Cabarrus, NC, United States Name: Rettie R Long Event Type: Census Event Year: 1900 Event Place: Township10, Bethel Church, Cabarrus, NC, United States Gender: Female Marital Status: Single Race: Black Race (Original): B Relationship to Head of Household: Daughter Relationship to Head of Household (Original): Daughter Birthplace: NC Father's Birthplace: NC Mother's Birthplace: NC Household Role Gender Age Birthplace James Long Head M NC Maria Long Wife F NC Rettie R Long Daughter F NC William J Long Son M NC Samuel F Long Son M NC Mary E Long Daughter F NC Notater for SIMUEL J WHITTED: Sam Whitted United States World War Draft Registration Cards Name: Sam Whitted Event Type: Draft Registration Event Date: 1917-1918 Event Place: Orange County, NC, United States Gender: Male Nationality: United States Affiliate Publication Number: M1509 , Affiliate Publication Title: World War Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards , GS Film Number: 1765737 , Digital Folder Number: 005152141 , Image Number: 01694Simuel Whitted United States Census, 1940 Name: Simuel Whitted Event Type: Census Event Date: 1940 Event Place: Ward 3, Fayetteville, Cross Creek Township, Cumberland, NC, United States Gender: Male Age: 46 Marital Status: Widowed Race (Original): Negro Race: Negro Relationship to Head of Household (Original): Head Relationship to Head of Household: Head Birthplace: North Carolina Birth Year (Estimated): 1894 Last Place of Residence: Same House Household Role Gender Age Birthplace Simuel Whitted Head M 46 North Carolina Stacy Whitted Son M 20 North Carolina Eunice Whitted Daughter F 22 North Carolina Duncan Whitted Son M 18 North Carolina Allen Whitted Son M 17 North Carolina District: 26-17A , Family Number: 81 , Sheet Number and Letter: 5A , Line Number: 60 , Affiliate Publication Number: T627 , Affiliate Film Number: 2895 , Digital Folder Number: 005460226 , Image Number: 00694 Barn av JULIA WILSON and JAMES LONG er: 40. i. THEODORE IRVING15 LONG b 1889, Alamance NC; d. 06.10.1948. Barn av JULIA WILSON and SIMUEL WHITTED er: 41. ii. LEELAND15 WHITTED b 11.05.1915, Fayetteville NC Usa; d. 07.12.1994, Suffolk, New York ,Usa. iii. EUNICE WHITTED b 14.07.1917, Fayetteville NC Usa; d. 19.06.1983, Boston Massachusetts Usa. Notater for EUNICE WHITTED: Whitted in the U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014 Name: Eunice Whitted SSN: 243-26-1921 Last Residence: 02130 Jamaica Plain, Suffolk, MA BORN: 12 Jul 1917 Died: 19 Jun 1983 State (Year) SSN issued: NC (B Eunice Whitted Massachusetts, Death Index Name: Eunice Whitted Event Type: Death Event Date: 19 Jun 1983 Event Place: Boston, Massachusetts Certificate Number: 004480 Birth Date: 14 Jul 1917 Birthplace: North Carolina Born in Ward 3, Fayetteville, Cross Creek Township, Cumberland, NC, United States 37. WILLIAM CLARK14 WHITE (CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 24.09.1880 Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA d 18.01.1960 Nashville, Davidson, Tennesse Usa m FRANCES WOODWARD. Hun b 29.01.1885 Hickman, Smith, Tennessee, USA d 10.05.1960 Nashville, Davidson Tennesse Usa. Barn av WILLIAM WHITE and FRANCES WOODWARD er: i. FLOSSIE MAI15 WHITE b 20.04.1915, Tennessee, USA; d. 27.06.1978; m WILLIE TAMER WHITEHEAD, 06.05.1933, Hickman, Smith, Tennessee, USA; b 12.03.1915, Tennessee, USA; d. 12.02.1968, Nashville, Davidson, Tennessee, USA. ii. LOUISE WHITE b 06.08.1918, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. 18.05.2004, Nashville, Davidson Tennesse Usa; m WILLIAM THOMAS MANIER, 26.12.1937, Hickman, Smith, Tennessee, USA; b 10.11.1917, Putnam, Tennessee, USA; d. 05.02.2008, Hartsville, Trousdale, Tennessee, USA. iii. FRANCES WHITE b 1920, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. iv. MAGGIE WHITE b 1922, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. v. ALBERT WHITE b 1924, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA. 38. ABNER BYRON14 CURTNER (ALICE G13 DICKENS, THOMAS CHARLES12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 20.12.1876 Arkansas Usa d 16.12.1923 Bapt. Hosp Memphis Shelby, Tennessee Usa m OLLIE BELLE DUKE, dau of NATHANIEL DUKE and MATILDA SHANNON. Hun b 01.10.1884 Arkansas Usa d 30.11.1947 Wynne Arkansas Usa. Barn av ABNER CURTNER and OLLIE DUKE er: i. DICIE MUSETTE15 CURTNER b 06.07.1917, Crawfordsville Crittenden County Arkansas Usa; d. 19.05.2007, Searcy White County Arkansas Usa; m HAL STACY MISNER; b 24.12.1905, Cherry Valley Cross County Arkansas Usa; d. 07.05.1938, Cherry Valley Cross County Arkansas Usa. Notater for HAL STACY MISNER: Died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head leaving behind his Father A.F. Misner of Cherry Valley, a step-mother Nellie Misner a wife Dicie Musette C. Misner, an unborn daughter Glen Stacy Misner, and a half sister Juanita Misner Carter. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 12
39. WILLIAM HENRY15 BLACKNALL (CHARLES CHRISTOPHER14, MATILDA S13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 04.12.1854 Granville County NC Usa d 30.04.1924 Wake Co NC Usa m (1) ESTER M PERSON, dau of JOE PERSON and ALICE MORGAN. Hun b 09.04.1861 d 13.04.1889 m (2) MARGARET HALLIDAY LITCHFORD OUSBY 29.04.1896 Halifax Co NC Usa, dau of JAMES OUSBY and ELIZABETH LOWE. Hun b 09.04.1873 Halifax County NC Usa d 17.09.1943 Wake Co NC Usa. Barn av WILLIAM BLACKNALL and MARGARET OUSBY er: i. THOMAS HENRY16 BLACKNALL b 20.04.1900, Warren County Wake County; d. 23.10.1930, Wake County NC Usa; m MATILDA S DICKENS; b Louisburg NC Usa; d. 07.03.1924, Kittrell, Franklington, NC Usa. Notater for MATILDA S DICKENS: John Dickens mentioned in the record of Matilda S Blackwell Name: John Dickens Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Gender: Male Wife: Feraba Child: Matilda S Blackwell Other information in the record of Matilda S Blackwell from NC, Deaths Name: Matilda S Blackwell Event Date: 07 Mar 1924 Event Place: Kittrell, Franklington, NC Gender: Female Race (Original): Colored Race: Colored Age (Original): 58y Birth Date: Apr 1866 Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Marital Status: Married Spouse's Name: Thomas Blackwell Father's Name: John Dickens Father's Birthplace: Louisburg, Nc Mother's Name: Feraba Mother's Birthplace: Nc Occupation: Farming Residence Place: Kittrell, NC Cemetery: Whitehall Church Burial Place: Franklington Co. Burial Date: 09 Mar 1924 Informant's Name (Original): X GS Film number: 1893245 , Digital Folder Number: 4177414 , Image Number: 218 , Reference ID: fn 848 cn 37 42. ii. MARGARET OUSBY BLACKNALL b 17.03.1912, Wake County NC Usa; d. 25.08.1971, Wake County NC Usa. 40. THEODORE IRVING15 LONG (JULIA14 WILSON, CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 1889 Alamance NC d 06.10.1948 m LILLY BEATRICE COOPER, dau of ISAAC COOPER and JANE SMITH. Hun b 11.1882 Washington, Beaufort, NC Usa. Notater for THEODORE IRVING LONG: Jacob S Long mentioned in the record of Irving Long Name Jacob S Long Gender Male Other information in the record of Irving Long from NC Birth Index Name Irving Long Event Type Birth Event Date 1889 Event Place Alamance, NC Gender Male Race White Father's Name Jacob S Long Page 237 Source Reference 13 Barn av THEODORE LONG and LILLY COOPER er: i. KATHERINE LAURINE16 LONG b 28.09.1948, Nash Co Nash Co NC Usa; d. 06.10.1948, Rocky Mount, Nash, NC Usa. ii. LONG b 01.06.1944, Beaufort NC Usa. iii. DAVETTA LAWRINA LONG b 28.09.1948, Nash Co NC Usa. 41. LEELAND15 WHITTED (JULIA14 WILSON, CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 11.05.1915 Fayetteville NC Usa d 07.12.1994 Suffolk, New York ,Usa. Han møtte ESTHER IRENE WALLIN 05.1948 Fürth Bayern Germany, dau of JOHAN WALLIN and OLUFINE IVERSEN. Hun b 03.01.1920 Frankendalsgt. 17. Larvik. d 10.06.1983 Buggesgt. 20, Larvik.. Notater for LEELAND WHITTED: Recidence 1.june 1993 - 1.1.2004 Huntington New York Usa 40 Amsterdam Street Huntington New York Usa Leeland Whitted New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909 Name Leeland Whitted Event Type Immigration Event Date 1953 Event Place New York City, New York, United States Ship Name Waldeck Leeland Whitted Obituary Save Tag Share Print Download Obituaries: Leeland Whitted The deceased was born Tuesday, May 11, 1915 and was living in the state of New York when they applied for Social Security benefits. Leeland Whitted died December 7, 1994 at the age of 79 years, 6 months and 27 days. Obituary Details: Name: Leeland Whitted Age at Death: 79 years, 6 months, 27 days Birth Date: May 11, 1915 Registration Place: New York Death Date: December 7, 1994 Death Place: --- Record Date: --- People Listed in This Obituary: Leeland Whitted Name: Leeland Whitted Name (Original): WHITTED LEELAND Event Type: Military Service Event Date: 24 Apr 1943 Term of Enlistment: Enlistment for the duration of the War or other emergency, plus six months, subject to the discretion of the President or otherwise according to law Event Place: New York City, New York, United States Race: Negro Citizenship Status: citizen Birth Year: 1915 Birthplace: NC Education Level: 3 years of high school Civilian Occupation: Shoemakers and shoe repairmen, not in factory Marital Status: Single, without dependents Military Rank: Private Army Branch: No branch assignment Army Component: Selectees (Enlisted Men) Source Reference: Civil Life Serial Number: 32896590 Affiliate ARC Identifier: 1263923 Box Film Number: 05802.244 Name: Leland Whitted Event Type: Census Event Year: 1920 Event Place: Blue Springs, Hoke, NC, United States Gender: Male Age: 4 Marital Status: Single Race: Mulatto Race (Original): Mulatto Relationship to Head of Household: Son Relationship to Head of Household (Original): Son Birth Year (Estimated): 1916 Birthplace: NC Affiliate Film Number: 1684Social Security Number: 060-14-7675 Previous Residence Postal Code: 11743 Suffolk New York 01 Jun 1993-01 Jan 2004 Residence Date:Huntington, New York, United States (516) 427-4129 40 Amsterdam St Huntington, New York 11743 01 Jun 1993-01 Jan 2004 2nd Address: 700 E 156th St Apt 9E 2nd Address Continued: Bronx, New York 10455 01 Apr 1974 Possible Relatives: Claire Mrs Whitted Record Number: 65274986 MILITARY SERVICE Military serial#: 32896590 Enlisted: April 24, 1943 in New York City New York Military branch: No Branch Assignment Rank: Private, Selectees (enlisted Men) Terms of enlistment: Enlistment For The Duration Of The War Or Other Emergency, Plus Six Months, Subject To The Discretion Of The President Or Otherwise According To Law INTRODUCTION These genealogies, comprising the colonial history of the majority of the free African American families of Virginia and NC, reveal several facets of American colonial history previously overlooked by historians: Most families were the descendants of white servant women who had children by slaves or free African Americans. Many descended from slaves who were freed before the 1723 Virginia law which required legislative approval for manumissions. Families like Gowen, Cumbo, and Driggers who were free in the mid-seventeenth century had several hundred members before the end of the colonial period. Very few families descended from white slave owners who had children by their slaves, perhaps as low as 1% of the total. Many free African American families in colonial NC and Virginia were landowners who were generally accepted by their white neighbors. Free Indians blended into the free African American communities. They did not form their own separate communities. Some of the light-skinned descendants of free African Americans formed the tri-racial isolates of Virginia, NC, South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Louisiana. Virginia Origins Most of the free African Americans of Virginia and NC originated in Virginia where they became free in the seventeenth and eighteenth century before chattel slavery and racism fully developed in the United States. When they arrived in Virginia, Africans joined a society which was divided between master and white servant - a society with such contempt for white servants that masters were not punished for beating them to death [McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council, 22-24]. They joined the same households with white servants - working, eating, sleeping, getting drunk, and running away together [Northampton Orders 1664-74, fol.25, p.31 - fol.31; McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council, 466-7; Hening, Statutes at Large, II:26, 117; Charles City County Orders 1687-95, 468; Westmoreland County Orders 1752-5, 41a]. Some of these first African slaves became free: Michael Gowen, a "negro" servant, was freed by the 18 January 1654 York County will of Christopher Stafford [DWO 3:16]. Francis Payne of Northampton County paid for his freedom about 1650 by purchasing three white servants for his master's use [DW 1645-51, 14]. Emanuell Cambow (Cumbo), "Negro," was granted 50 acres in James City County on 18 April 1667 [Patent Book 6:39]. John Harris "negro" was free in 1668 when he purchased 50 acres in York County [Deeds 1664-72, 327]. A number of African Americans living on the Eastern Shore gained their freedom in the seventeenth century. There were at least 33 taxable African Americans in Northampton County in the 1670s who were free, later became free, or had free children. They represented one third of the taxable African Americans in the county.(1) The Nickens and Weaver families came from Lancaster County where Black Dick (Richard Nickens), his wife Chris, and their children were freed in 1690 by the will of John Carter [Wills 1690-1709, 5]. Free African Americans were beginning to be assimilated into colonial Virginia society in the mid-seventeenth century. Many were the result of mixed race marriages: Francis Payne was married to a white woman named Amy by September 1656 when he gave her a mare by deed of jointure [DW 1655-68, fol. 19]. Elizabeth Key, a "Mulatto" woman, successfully sued for her freedom in Northumberland County in 1656, and married her white attorney, William Greensted [Record Book 1652-8, 66, 67, 85a, 85b]. Francis Skiper was married to Ann, an African American woman, before February 1667/8 when they sold land in Norfolk County [W&D E:1666-75; Orders 1666-75, 73]. Peter Beckett, a "Negro" slave taxable from 1671 to 1677 in Northampton County, Virginia, married Sarah Dawson, a white servant [OW 1674-79, 203; OW 1683-89, 59]. Hester Tate, an English woman servant in Westmoreland County, had several children by her husband James Tate, "a Negro slave to Mr. Patrick Spence," before 1690 [Orders 1690-98, 40-41]. As the percentage of African Americans increased, so did tension between free African Americans and slave holders. In 1666 Bastian Cane, "Negro," was punished by the Northampton County court for harboring, concealing, and trading with Francis Pigott's "Negro slave" [Orders 1664-74, fol.29]. And as more and more slaves replaced white servants, the Legislature passed a series of laws which designated slavery as the appropriate condition for African Americans: In 1670 the Virginia Assembly forbade free African Americans and Indians from owning white servants [Hening, Statutes at Large, II:280]. In 1691 the Assembly prohibited the manumission of slaves unless they were transported out of the colony. It also prohibited interracial marriages and ordered the illegitimate, mixed-race children of white women bound out for 30 years [Hening, Statutes at Large, III:86-87]. In 1705 the Assembly passed a law which all but eliminated the ability of slaves to earn their freedom by ordering that the farm stock of slaves shall be seized and sold by the church-wardens of the parish wherein such horses, cattle, or hogs shall be, and the profit thereof applied to the use of the poor of said parish [Hening, Statutes at Large, III:459-60]. In 1712 all fifteen members of the Anderson and Richards families were freed and given 640 acres in Norfolk County, Virginia, by the will of John Fulcher, creating such a stir that the Legislative Council on 5 March 1712/3 proposed that the Assembly provide a Law against such Manumission of Slaves, which in time by their increase and correspondence with other Slaves may endanger the peace of this Colony [McIlwaine, Executive Journals of the Council, III:332]. In an effort to "prevent their correspondence with other slaves" Fulcher's executor, Lewis Conner, by a deed dated 20 March 1712/3, swapped their land in Norfolk County with land on Welshes Creek in Chowan County, NC [Chowan DB B-1:109]. In 1723 the Virginia Assembly prohibited the freeing of slaves except in cases where they had rendered some public service such as foiling a slave revolt. Also in 1723, the Assembly amended the 1705 taxation law to make female free African Americans and non-reservation Indians over the age of sixteen tithable [Hening, Statutes at Large, IV:132-3].(2) Despite the efforts of the legislature, white servant women continued to bear children by African American fathers through the late seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century. From these genealogies, it appears that they were the primary source of the increase in the free African American population for this period. Over 200 families in this history descended from white women. Many of these women may have been the common-law wives of slaves since they had several mixed-race children. Fifty families descended from freed slaves, twenty-nine from Indians, and nineteen from white men who married or had children by free African American women. It is likely that the majority of the remaining families descended from white women since they first appear in court records in the mid-eighteenth century when slaves could not be freed without legislative approval, and there is no record of legislative approval for their emancipations. The law binding the children of white women by African Americans until the age of thirty-one applied to their daughters and granddaughters, so any "Mulatto" child bound until the age of thirty-one descended from a white woman. Table 1. Descendancy of Free African American Families in This Genealogy: Virginia and NC White servant women 202 Freed slaves 50 Indians 29 White men 19 The replacement of white servants with African slaves, begun in earnest in 1660, continued for more than a century. African slaves had still not completely replaced white servants by 17 October 1773 when the jailer in Prince William County advertised in the Virginia Gazette that he had caught a runaway white servant man: Committed to Prince William gaol a certain William Rawlings, who says he is the property of Francis Smith of Chesterfield. The owner is desired to pay charges, and take him away. and he advertised in the same edition that he had jailed a runaway white servant woman: Committed to the gaol of Prince William a servant woman about 26 years of age, named Mary Richardson; has on a short printed cotton gown, and striped Virginia cloth petticoat [R 17Oc73:33].(5) Elizabeth Bartlett, an indentured servant from Accomack County, was punished in July 1716 for running away with her mistress' "Negro man named James" [Orders 1714-7, 28]. George Wallis, a white man, and "Negro Dick" were taken up as runaways in Westmoreland County in November 1752 [Orders 1752-5, 41a]. Racial contempt for free African Americans did not fully develop as long as there were white servants in similar circumstances. It was during this period, as late as the end of the eighteenth century, that free African Americans were accepted in some white communities. Many free African Americans originated in or moved to Surry County, Virginia, where their deeds, marriage bonds, and wills were recorded in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. They were the Banks, Blizzard, Byrd, Charity, Chavis, Cornish, Debrix, Jeffreys, Kersey, Peters, Scott, Sweat, Tann, Valentine, Walden, and Wilson families. Descriptions in the Surry County, Virginia, "Registry of Free Negroes" in the late 18th and early 19th century read: Armstead Peters a Mulatoe man, ...aged about 56 years, born free of a yellowish complexion... (6 October 1794). James Williams a Mulatto man, pretty dark complexion, born of free parents residents of this county, 35 years old ... (11 May 1797). Joseph Byrd son of Joseph and Nelly Byrd free Mulatto persons & residents of this county 20 years old, 5'5" high, bright complexion, short thick hair, straight & well made (27 September 1798). William Tan, a mulatto man and son of Jemima Tan, a white woman late of this county. He is of bright complexion, has straight black hair, pretty stout and straight made, aged 21 last September (3 December 1801) [Back of Guardian Accounts Book 1783-1804, nos. 1, 21, 35, 136]. Since so many free African Americans were light-skinned, many observers assume that they were the offspring of white slave owners who took advantage of their female slaves. Only three of the approximately four hundred families in this history was proven to descend from a white slave owner. They were the children of South Carolina planters: Collins, Holman, and Pendarvis. Like their fathers, they were wealthy slave owners who were accepted in white society. In 1782 Virginia relaxed its restrictions on manumission, and thereafter manumitted slaves contributed to the increase in the free African American population. By 1790 free African Americans were concentrated on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, the counties below the James River, and the northeastern part of NC [Heads of Families - Virginia, 9]. This was a pattern of settlement similar to that of newly freed white servants. Land was available in Southside Virginia and in the northeastern part of NC at prices former servants could afford [Morgan, American Slavery, 227-30]. Table 2. Number of free African Americans in Virginia and NC and their percentage of the total free population in 1790 by county Virginia NC Charles City 363 (14.8%) York 358 (14.5%) Northampton 464 (12.7%) Surry 368 (11.8%) Henrico 581 (9.4%) Nansemond 480 (9.2%) James City 146 (8.8%) Dinwiddie 561 (8.5%) Powhatan 211 (8.5%) Southampton 559 (8.1%) Greensville 212 (7.7%) Sussex 391 (7.6%) Accomack 721 (7.4%) Prince George 267 (7.3%) Isle of Wight 375 (7.3%) Lancaster 143 (6.0%) Hardy 411 (5.9%) Goochland 257 (5.8%) New Kent 148 (5.8%) Chesterfield 369 (5.5%) Mecklenburg 416 (5.2%) Northampton 458 (8.2%) Hertford 232 (6.6%) Halifax 443 (5.8%) Robeson 277 (5.8%) Bertie 378 (5.1%) Craven 337 (4.9%) Granville 315 (4.6%) Total Virginia 12,866 (2.8%) Total NC 5,041 (1.7%) Descendants of families which had been free during the colonial period continued to comprise a major part of the free African American population due to natural increase. In 1810 the Going/ Gowen family, free since the mid-seventeenth century, headed forty "other free" households with 105 persons in Virginia, sixty-two persons in NC, eleven in South Carolina, and ten in Louisiana; the Chavis family, free since the seventeenth century, headed forty-one households containing forty-six persons in Virginia, 159 in NC, and twelve in South Carolina. Table 3. Number of Persons in the Households of Families who had Been Free During the Colonial Period - 1810 Census Family Name Virginia NC Anderson 7 52 Archer 9 51 Artis(t) 86 38 Banks 54 28 Bass 21 80 Battles 25 Be(a)vans 26 Beverly 79 Bunda(y) 70 Charity 41 Chavis/ Chavers 46 159 Cousins 52 6 Cuffee 96 Cumbo 43 Day 46 13 Elliott 43 Fuller 28 3 Going/ Gowen 105 62 Haithcock 9 70 Hammons 95 Harman 37 Howell 37 James 69 Johns 36 Ligan/ Ligon 39 Locklear 76 Locus/ Lucas 100 25 Meekins 26 Moore 65 Nickens 64 6 Overton 58 Oxendine 32 Pin(n) 48 Reed 12 43 Revell 35 Rich 64 Richardson 58 Roberts 111 Sample 36 Sparrow 19 Valentine 55 7 Vena/ Venie 64 Walden 24 87 Weaver 64 37 Migration to NC Several free African Americans voted in the NC General Assembly elections in 1701 [Saunders, Colonial Records, I:903]. Jack Braveboy was living in Chowan County before 17 July 1716 when he was presented by the court: a negro, Coming into this Government with a woman and do live together as man and wife, it is ordered that the sd. Braveboy produce a Sufficient Certificate of their Marryage [Hoffman, Chowan Precinct NC 1696 to 1723, 224]. In 1725 John Cotton was indicted for marrying a "Molatto Man to a White woman," and in 1726 the Rev. Mr. John Blacknall was fined fifty pounds for "joyning together in ... Matrimony Thomas Spencer and Martha paule a Molatto Woman" [Saunders, Colonial Records, II:591, 662]. Many of those who were free in Northampton County, Virginia, settled in Craven County, NC. They were the Carter, Copes, Driggers, George, and Johnston families. They can be traced directly back to their seventeenth century Virginia ancestors. Those in the early eighteenth century lists of Northampton County, Virginia tithables who immigrated to NC were the Allen and Roberts families. The descendants of Nicholas and Bungey Manuel, "negro slaves" freed by the 28 October 1718 Elizabeth City County, Virginia will of Edward Myhill, were in the Edgecombe, NC Militia in the 1750s [Elizabeth City County Deeds, Wills 1715-21, 194-5; Clark, Colonial Soldiers of the South, 675]. James and Peter Black came to Craven County from Essex County, Virginia, where they had been free born. John Heath tried to sell them as slaves to William Handcock, but the Craven County court intervened on their behalf on 21 June 1745. Moll, Nell, Sue, Sall, and Will Dove, "Negroes," came to Craven County, NC, from Maryland with Leonard Thomas who was trying to keep them as his slaves in September 1749, but William Smith travelled to Maryland and proved their claim that they were free born [Haun, Craven County Court Minutes, III:465; IV:11-12]. The family histories of over 80% of those counted as "all other free persons" in the 1790-1810 federal census for NC indicate that they were descendants of African Americans who were free in Virginia during the colonial period. Free African American immigrants were of sufficient number in 1723 that the NC General Assembly received complaints of great Numbers of Free Negroes, Mulattoes, and other persons of mixt Blood, that have lately removed themselves into this Government, and that several of them have intermarried with the white Inhabitants of this Province... [Clark, State Records, XXIII:106-7]. Relations With Whites While some NC residents were complaining about the immigration of free African Americans, their white neighbors in Granville, Halifax, Bertie, Craven, Granville, Robeson and Hertford counties welcomed them. Their neighbors may have been accustomed to living among free African Americans in Virginia; they may have moved from Virginia in company with them; or perhaps they were drawn together by the adversities of the frontier. Neighbor depended heavily upon neighbor, and whites may have been more concerned with harsh living conditions than they were with their neighbors' color. The slave population on the frontier was much lower than in the settled areas of Virginia, so the presence of free African Americans would not have posed a threat to most settlers. And several of these free African Americans owned slaves of their own. However, land ownership was more likely the social equalizer for them and their white neighbors. The McKinnie family, originally from Isle of Wight County, Virginia, was one of the leading white families in the area around the Roanoke River. Barnaby McKinnie, member of the General Assembly from Edgecombe County in 1735, was witness to many of the early Bass, Bunch, Chavis, and Gibson deeds. John McKinnie called Cannon Cumbo his friend when he mentioned him in his 28 February 1753 Edgecombe County will. Other leading white settlers who sold them land adjoining theirs and witnessed their deeds were Richard Washington, William and Thomas Bryant, Richard Pace, and William Whitehead. Arthur Williams, member of the General Assembly for Bertie County in 1735, and John Castellaw, (brother?) of James Castellaw, a member of the Assembly from Bertie County, had mixed-race common-law wives, Elizabeth and Martha Butler [Saunders, Colonial Records, IV:115 and the Butler history]. On 9 November 1762 many of the leading residents of Halifax County petitioned the Assembly to repeal the discriminatory tax against free African Americans, and in May 1763 fifty-four of the leading citizens of Granville, Northampton, and Edgecombe Counties made a similar petition. They described their "Free Negro & Mulatto" neighbors as persons of Probity & good Demeanor (who) chearfully contribute towards the Discharge of every public Duty injoined them by Law. About ten years later a similar petition by seventy-five residents of Granville County included those of a few of the free African Americans of the county: Benjamin, Edward, and Reuben Bass, William and Gibea Chavis, Lawrence Pettiford, and Davie Mitchell (negro) [Saunders, Colonial Records, VI:902, 982; IX:96-97]. In March 1782 a Continental officer observed a scene in a local tavern at Williamsboro, NC: The first thing saw on my Entrance was a Free Malatto and a White man seated on the Hearth, foot to foot, Playing all fours by firelight: a Dollar a Game [Journals of Enos Reeves, March 13, 1782, Manuscript Department, Duke University, cited by Crow, The Black Experience in Revolutionary NC, 32]. By 1790 free African Americans represented 1.7% of the free population of NC, concentrated in the counties of Northampton, Halifax, Bertie, Craven, Granville, Robeson, and Hertford where they were about 5% of the free population [Heads of Families - NC, 9-10]. In these counties most African American families were landowners, and several did exceptionally well. Economic Condition and Race Relations Edward Carter was the fourth largest Dobbs County landowner with 23,292 acres in 1780 [L.P.46.1 in Journal of N.C. Genealogy XII:1664]. He was head of a Dobbs County household of 8 "other free," one white woman, and 20 slaves in 1790 [NC:137].(6) The Bunch, Chavis and Gibson families owned slaves and acquired over a thousand acres of land on both sides of the Roanoke River in present-day Northampton and Halifax counties, and the Chavis and Gowen families acquired over a thousand acres in Granville County. William Chavis, a "Negro" listed in the 8 October 1754 muster roll of Colonel William Eaton's Granville County Regiment, owned over a thousand acres of land, a lodging house frequented by whites, and eight taxable slaves [Clark, Colonial Soldiers of the South, 716]. His son Philip Chavis also owned over a thousand acres of land, travelled between Granville, Northampton, and Robeson Counties, and lived for a while in Craven County, South Carolina. Migration to South Carolina Some members of the Gibson family moved to South Carolina in 1731 where a member of the Commons House of Assembly complained that "several free colored men with their white wives had immigrated from Virginia." Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina summoned Gideon Gibson and his family to explain their presence there and after meeting him and his family reported, I have had them before me in Council and upon Examination find that they are not Negroes nor Slaves but Free people, That the Father of them here is named Gideon Gibson and his Father was also free, have been informed by a person who has lived in Virginia that this Gibson has lived there Several Years in good Repute and by his papers that he has produced before me that his transactions there have been very regular, That he has for several years paid Taxes for two tracts of Land and had several Negroes of his own, That he is a Carpenter by Trade and is come hither for the support of his Family [Box 2, bundle: S.C., Minutes of House of Burgesses (1730-35), 9, Parish Transcripts, N.Y. Hist. Soc. by Jordan, White over Black, 172]. Like the early settlers of the NC frontier Governor Johnson was more concerned with the Gibsons' social class than their race. Many of the free African Americans who were counted in the census for South Carolina from 1790 to 1810 originated in Virginia or NC. They were: Bass, Berry, Biddie, Bonner, Bowman, Bradley, Braveboy, Bryan, Bugg, Bunch, Butler, Buzby, Carter, Chavis, Clark, Collins, Combest/ Cumbess, Cumbo, Demery, Driggers, Ferrell, Gallimore, Gibson, Gowen, Grooms, Hagan, Haithcock, Harmon, Hatcher, Hawley/ Holly, Hays, Hazell, Henderson, Hicks, Hilliard, Howard, Huelin, Hunt, Ivey, Jacobs, Jeffries, Jones, Kersey, Lamb, Locklear, Lowry, Lucas, Matthews, Mitcham, Mosely, Mumford, Oxendine, Pavey, Rawlinson, Reed, Rouse, Russell, Scott, Shoecraft, Shoemaker, Sweat, Tann, Turner, Valentine, Weaver, Webb, Wilson, and Winn. They represented many of the "free persons of Colour" of present-day Liberty and Marlborough counties, South Carolina, who petitioned the legislature to repeal the discriminatory tax against "free Negroes" on 20 April 1794: Richard Evins (Evans), Nathaniel Conbie (Cumbo), George Collins, William (his mark) Turner, Thomas Hulen, Spencer (his mark) Bolton, William (his mark) Swett, Solomon Bolton, James (his mark) Shewmak (Shoemaker), John (his mark) Turner, Junr., Solomon (his mark) Shewmk, Sampson (his mark) Shewmak, Thomas (his mark) Shewmake, Junr., Thomas (his mark) Shewmake, Senr., John (his mark) Shumake, James (his mark) Shumake, David Collins, Thomas Collins, John (his mark) Turner, Senr., Mildred (her mark) Turner, Grenelaper(?) (her mark) Turner, Catherine (her mark) Turner, Elias Hulon, Cudworth Oxendine, Archmack Oxendine, Dellie Gibson, and Drusilla Gibson. Others who signed the petition were Isaac Linagear, Isaac Mitchell, Jonathan Price, Nathan Price, G(?)reter (his mark) Colder, Moses (his mark) Colder, and George Mccloud. Stephen Gibson, Isaac Linegear, Jr., Jur.(?) Driggers, James Ivey, Joseph (his mark) Bass and Levi Gibson were considered white when they signed in support of the petition [South Carolina Department of Archives and History, General Assessment Petition, 1794, no. 216, frames 370-374, Free People of Color ST 1368, series no. 165015, item 216]. Few colonial South Carolina county court records have survived, so it is difficult to determine the origin of the other families. However, at least three families were the descendants of white slave owners who left slaves and plantations to their mixed-race children: Collins, Holman, and Pendarvis. James Pendarvis expanded his father's holdings more than fourfold to 4,710 acres and 151 slaves. John Holman, Jr., established a plantation with 57 slaves on the Santee River in Georgetown District and then returned to his homeland in Rio Pongo, West Africa to resume the slave trading he learned from his English father [Koger, Black Slaveowners, 104, 108-110, 112-121]. According to Koger, free Indians in Charleston were part of the free African American community. They married members of the free African American community and were members of the Brown Fellowship Society, an organization of "lighter skinned men" which maintained a cemetery, operated a school for the children of its members, and supported charity and social functions. Proof of descent from a free Indian allowed free African Americans to avoid the discriminatory state capitation tax [Koger, Black Slaveowners, 16-17; S.C. Dept. of Archives & History, Public Programs Document Packet No.1]. Free association of Indians and African Americans is also evident from their family genealogies. Rachel Garden, "a free Mustee," married Robert Baldwin, "a free Blackman," in Charleston on 5 September 1801. Discriminatory Taxation and Indentured Apprenticeship In mid-eighteenth century NC we find wealthy mixed race families counted in some years by NC tax assessors as "mulatto" and in other years as white. Jeremiah and Henry Bunch, Bertie County slave owners, were taxed in Jonathan Standley's 1764 Bertie County list as "free male Molattors" in 1764, but as whites in Standley's 1765 Bertie list, and again as "free Molatoes" in 1766 [CR 10.702.1]. Michael Going/ Gowen was taxed in Granville County as white in 1754 and was called "Michael Goin, Mulattoe" in 1759 [CR 44.701.19]. John Gibson, Gideon Gibson and Gibeon Chavis, all married the daughters of prosperous white farmers. Some members of the Gibson, Chavis, Bunch and Gowen families became resolutely white after several generations. While some free African Americans owned slaves and were accepted in white society, others married slaves and socialized with slaves. Hester Anderson, one of those freed in 1712 in Norfolk County, was the common-law wife of a slave. She was the ancestor of the Artis family of Southampton County, Virginia, and several NC counties. James Revell of Cumberland County entrusted his executor with the task of making application to the legislature for his wife's freedom [WB C:21].(7) Abel Carter was suspected of aiding a runaway slave. The 14 November 1778 issue of the NC Gazette of New Bern advertised a reward for a negro fellow named Smart ... Tis supposed he is harboured about Smith River by one Abel Carter, a free Negro, as he has been seen there several times [Fouts, NC Gazette of New Bern, I:83]. However, the majority were small farmers owning a few hundred acres who married other free African Americans. Their marriages can be identified from colonial wills and tax lists, and they were recorded in the county marriage bonds starting in the late eighteenth century. They suffered under the discriminatory NC tax law enacted in 1749 which described taxables as all and every White Person, Male, of the Age of Sixteen Years, and upwards, all Negroes, Mulattoes, Mustees Male or Female, and all Persons of Mixt Blood, to the Fourth Generation, of the Age of Twelve Years, and upwards, and all white Persons intermarrying with any Negro, mulatto, or Mustee, or other Person of mixt Blood, ... shall be deemed Taxables... [Leary & Stirewalt, NC Research, Genealogy and Local History, chapter 13]. Thus, free African American and Native American households can be identified by the taxation of their female family members over twelve years of age. Some light-skinned people would claim to be white to avoid this discriminatory tax, and they would be listed by the tax collector with the notation, "Refuses to list his wife" [Thomas and Michael Gowin in the 1761 list of John Pope, CR 44.701.19]. It was in the interest of the tax collector to classify those of doubtful ancestry as "Mulatto" since he received a portion of the tax. However, those with some political and economic influence like the Bass and Bunch families were often listed as white. In addition to the discriminatory tax, poor and orphaned African American children were bound out until the age of twenty-one by the county courts just like their poor white counterparts.(8) In July 1733 the General Assembly received complaints from "divers Inhabitants" that divers free People, Negroes, Molattoes residing in this Province were ... bound out until they come to 31 years contrary to the consent of the Parties bound out. The said comittee further report that they fear that divers Persons will desert the settlement of those parts ... The General Assembly ruled that those illegally bound should be released and the practice of binding out children to thirty-one years of age instead of twenty-one was to cease [Saunders, Colonial Records, III:556].(9) The children were bound as apprentices in various crafts. Some apprentices were bound "to learn the art, trade, and mystery of farming" which may simply have meant working as an unpaid field hand; others were trained as coopers, blacksmiths, cordwainers, or other useful occupations. The November 1774 Bertie County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions ordered eight-year-old Jemima Wiggins and ten-year-old Mary Beth Wiggins, "bastard Mulattos of Sarah Wiggins," bound to John Skinner. However, this order was reversed in the May 1775 Court session when Edward Wiggins, the children's father, convinced the court of the said Skinners ill & deceitful Behavior procuring sd Order... [Haun, Bertie County Court Minutes, IV:157]. The courts bound out the children of many free African American women because they were the common-law wives of slaves, but Doll Burnett argued against the binding of her daughter, Edith, in the 28 May 1777 Johnston County court: and the court taking the Conduct Character and Circumstances of the said Doll Burnet into consideration & finding no just reasons to apprehend that the said Edith would become a charge to this County, Ordered her to be returned to the care of her said Mother again [Haun, Johnston County Court Minutes, II:260]. In some instances the indenture laws virtually enslaved a person for life. George Cummins had the indenture of his white servant woman named Christian Finny extended by a year and her child bound for thirty-one years by order of the 7 December 1736 Carteret County court because she had a "Mallatto Bastard Child during her service." She may have been the common-law wife of a slave for she was charged with having another "Melato" born 10 July 1739 and another on 20 December 1743. When she applied to the court for her freedom on 9 June 1744, the court ruled that she serve for another five months to pay for the cost of the court suit against her. When she again applied for her freedom six months later, the court ruled that on checking the record she serve another year since she had a "Mullatto Child in the time of her servitude" [Minutes 1723-47, fol.33c, fol.58, 59b-c, 62d, 151-2]. Some unscrupulous masters treated their apprentices like slaves. On 21 September 1742 David Lewis brought John Russell, a six-year-old mixed-race boy, into Craven County court, requesting that he be bound to him and promising to Cause to be learned the sd Boy to Read & Write a Ledgable hand & teach him or cause to be taught the Shoemakers trade... However, Lewis "made a present of the said boy" to his brother, John Lewis, of Chowan County, and his brother sold the boy to Captain Hews of Suffolk County, Virginia [Haun, Craven County Court Minutes, III:328, 653]. Between 1759 and 1786 there were sixteen African American apprentices in Craven County who at the completion of their indentures had to petition the court for their freedom. The court ruled in the favor of the petitioners in every case [Minutes 1758-66, 1:22c; 1764-75, 1:50d; 1772-84, 1:49c, 58c-d, 59d, 61c; 2:4b, 34a-b, 49a, 79a; 1784-87, 1:5c, 11c, 33d; 2:26b].(10) Caleb Lockalier was bound apprentice to Stephen Kades who assigned him to Francis Kennaday, who assigned him to James Oneal, who assigned him to Thomas Hadley, who refused to release him from his indenture until ordered to do so by the 27 July 1786 Cumberland County court [Minutes 1784-7, Thursday, 27 July 1786]. John Harris, a white Hyde County carpenter, found guilty of begetting a bastard child by Mary Ba_row, a white spinster, was required by law to support her. However, in June 1756 when the child was about two months old, the court learned that the child was mixed race. Harris was compensated for his expense by binding the child, a "Molatto Named George," to him for twenty-one years [Haun, Hyde County Court Minutes, II:174].(11) Robert West, Sr., advertised in the NC Gazette of New Bern on 13 March 1752 for Thomas Bowman as if he were a runaway slave: Ran away from the subscribers, on Roanoke River, a Negro fellow, named Thomas Boman, a very good blacksmith, near 6 feet high, he can read, write and cyper, Whoever will apprehend him shall be paid 12 Pistoles, besides what the law allows [Fouts, NC Gazette of New Bern, I:3]. Almost twenty years later Thomas Bowman was a taxable "free Molatto" in John Moore's household in the Bertie County tax list of 1771, 1772, and 1774 [CR 10.702.1, Box 13]. A South Carolinian advertised in the NC Central and Fayetteville Gazette on 25 July 1795 for Nancy Oxendine, daughter of Charles Oxendine of Robeson County: $10 reward to deliver to the subscriber in Georgetown, a mustie servant woman named Nancy Oxendine, she is a stout wench, of a light complexion about 30 years old. It is supposed she has been ??els away by her brother and sister, the latter lives in Fayetteville [Fouts, Newspapers of Edenton, Fayetteville, & Hillsborough, 81]. We also find cases where children were willingly bound by their parents to neighbors, friends, and relatives. Lovey Bass bound her illegitimate child, Nathan, to her neighbor, George Anderson. George Anderson was probably the boy's father. He devised his land to Nathan and his farm animals to Lovey Bass but left his wife and children only a shilling each [Original 1771 Granville County will]. Other apprenticeships were simply a way for a person to acknowledge responsibility for a child's support. Mary Bibby, a "black" taxable, had a "base born" child named Fanny who was bound out to Amy Ingram in Bute County on 13 May 1772 [Warren County WB A:227]. However, Mary had been living in the Ingram household for at least ten years prior to this. She and a slave named Charles were "black" taxables in Jesse Ingram's household in Gideon Macon's list for Goodwin's District of Granville County in 1761 [CR 44.701.19], and she and Charles were taxables in the Ingram household in the Bute County tax list of William Person in 1771 [CR 015.70001]. Mary was Charles' common-law wife according to a 28 June 1893 letter from a Bibby descendant, Narcissa Rattley, to her children.(12) Some masters took the apprenticeships seriously. In Bertie County on 26 September 1768 seven-year-old Frederick James, "natural son of Ann James," was bound as an apprentice to John Norwood [CR 10.101.7]. And about fifty years later on 25 February 1817 we find Frederick James able to write his own Bertie County will in good handwriting [Original at N.C. Archives]. Sale Into Slavery Free African Americans were also in danger of having their children stolen and sold into slavery. In his Revolutionary War pension application on 7 March 1834 Drury Tann declared in Southampton County, Virginia court that he was stolen from his parents when a small boy by persons unknown to him, who were carrying him to sell him into Slavery, and had gotten with him and other stolen property as far as the Mountains on their way, that his parents made complaint to a Mr. Tanner Alford who was Then a magistrate in the county of Wake State of NC to get me back from Those who had stolen me and he did pursue the Rogues & overtook Them at the mountains and took me from Them. An advertisement in the 10 April 1770 issue of the NC Gazette of New Bern describes how the Driggers family was victimized in Craven County, NC: broke into the house ... under the care of Ann Driggus, a free negro woman, two men in disguise, with marks on their faces, and clubs in their hands, beat and wounded her terribly and carried away four of her children [Fouts, NC Gazette of New Bern, I:65-6]. And John Scott, "freeborn negro," testified in Berkeley County, South Carolina, on 17 January 1754 that three men, Joseph Deevit, William Deevit, and Zachariah Martin entered by force, the house of his daughter, Amy Hawley, and carried her off, with her six children, and he thinks they are taking them north to sell as slaves. One of the children was recovered in Orange County, NC, where the county court appointed Thomas Chavis to return the child to South Carolina on 12 March 1754 [Haun, Orange County Court Minutes, I:70-1]. Stealing free African Americans to sell them into slavery in another state was not a crime in NC until 1779. However, free African Americans were afforded some protection under the law. In 1793 the murderer of John James of Northampton County was committed to jail according to the 20 March 1793 issue of the NC Journal: Last night Harris Allen, who was committed for the murder of John James, a free mulatto, of Northampton County, made his escape from the gaol of this town. He is a remarkable tall man, and had on a short round jacket [Fouts, NC Journal, I:205]. Service in the Revolutionary War Many of the families in this history have at least one member who fought in the Revolutionary War. Several moved to South Carolina in the eighteenth century, and their names appear in the musters of the South Carolina Militia in the 1759 Cherokee Expedition [Clark, Colonial Soldiers of the South, 701, 883, 892, 894]. This service alongside whites established long lasting friendships. William Bryan, a Justice of the Peace for Johnston County, testified in court for Holiday Haithcock in support of his application for a Revolutionary War pension on 21 September 1834 explaining that in the times of our Revolutionary War free negroes and mulattoes mustered in the ranks with white men ... This affiant has frequently mustered in company with said free negroes and mulattoes ... That class of persons were equally liable to draft - and frequently volunteered in the public Service. And H. Thompson Venable wrote for him to the Commissioner of Pensions in Washington, the case of Holliday Hethcock of N.C. has been suspended merely because he was a free man of color. As we understand that several cases of this sort have been admitted, you will oblige us by having it admitted. Charles Roberson Kee, a leading citizen of Northampton County, testified that he knew Drury Walden for more than twenty years and that no man, not James Polk himself is of better moral character. The Free Negro Code Many free African American families sold their land in the early nineteenth century and headed west or remained in NC as poor farm laborers. This was probably the consequence of a combination of deteriorating economic conditions and the restrictive "Free Negro Code" laws. Beginning in 1826 and continuing through the 1850s, NC passed a series of restrictive laws termed the "Free Negro Code" by John Hope Franklin. Free African Americans lost the right to vote and were required to obtain a license to carry a gun. Tensions arising from Nat Turner's slave rebellion in nearby Southampton County, Virginia, played a major role in the passage of these laws.(13) It is also possible that moves against the African American population helped to divert the attention of poor whites from their worsening economic conditions in the 1830s. With the whole state literally up in arms over Nat Turner's rebellion, delegates to the General Assembly from Newbern called on the Assembly "setting forth the incompetency of free persons of color exercising the privilege of voting." Edmund B. Freeman, editor of the Roanoke Advocate, a Halifax County Weekly, boldly came to their support in the January 5, 1832 issue: It cannot be denied that free negroes, taken in the mass, are dissolute and abandoned -yet there are some individuals among them, sober, industrious and intelligent - many are good citizens; and that they are sometimes good voters we have the best proofs ... We do think that too much prejudice is excited against this class of our population... -but, at the same time, there is a class of white skinned citizens, equally low and abandoned, whose absence whould be little regretted [N.C. Archives, Microfilm HaRA-2]. If his attitude toward free African Americans was typical of white Halifax County residents, this would help to explain why free African Americans made up over 18% of the free population of the county in 1810 [NC:59]. The editor's backhanded compliment certainly compares well to the sentiments of Robeson County residents: The County of Robeson is cursed with a free-coloured population that migrated originally from the districts round about the Roanoke and Neuse Rivers. They are generally indolent, roguish, improvident, and dissipated [Franklin, Free Negro in NC, 79 (MS in Legislative Papers for 1840-41); Schweninger, Race, Slavery, and Free Blacks, Series 1, 96]. or a northern paper quoted in the 5 January 1832 issue of the Roanoke Advocate complaining about "the evils arising from the immigration of free blacks" from other states into Pennsylvania: Overun by an influx of ignorant, indolent & depraved popullation most dangerous to the peace, rights & liberties of our citizens ... [N.C. Archives Microfilm HaRA-2, January 5, 1832]. John Hope Franklin recorded a famous case in which Elijah Newsom of Cumberland County was prosecuted for carrying his gun in the county [Franklin, Free Negro in NC, 77 (State v. Newsom, 27 N.C., 183)]. However, Halifax County and Robeson County appear to have granted gun licenses freely. These licenses were recorded in the county court records from 1841 through 1846.(14) Many of those who left the state were enumerated in the 1840-1860 censuses of Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan. Some went to Canada and a few to Haiti and Liberia. By 1857 when Henry Chavers (Chavis) emigrated to Liberia, life for free African Americans in NC must have been truly oppressive. A letter written for him to his friend, Dr. Ellis Malone of Lewisburg in Franklin County, describing Liberia sounds like that of a recently liberated slave: this Land of Freedom ... a nation of free and happy Children of a hitherto downcast and oppressed Race ... now begin to enjoy life as a man should do ... did my Coloured Friends only know or could they have seen what already have seen they would not hesitate a moment to come to this Glorious Country [Ellis Malone Papers, NUCMC, 21-H, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University].(15) By 1870 many of those who remained behind were living in virtually the same condition as the freed slaves. In the 1870 census for Northampton County, NC, the most common occupation listed for those who were free before 1800 was "farm laborer," the same occupation as the former slaves. Some married former slaves, and by the twentieth century they had no idea their ancestors had been free. Indian Ancestry Indians who adopted English customs became part of the free African American communities. There were no Indian communities separate and distinct from the free African American communities. In order to have established a separate Indian community, Indians would need to have had a strong preference for marriages and relationships with other Indians. However, no such preference is evident in the marriages of families with Indian ancestry. They appear to have made no differences between themselves and African Americans. There were no complete nuclear Indian families (both parents, plus children) among Indian slaves mentioned in seventeenth century Accomack and Northampton County records, while there were many among African slaves [Deal, Race and Class, 75]. did not find any nuclear Indian families in the eighteenth century Virginia and NC tax lists.(16) Molly Cockran, a free Indian woman from Goochland County, had a child by a slave, "Negro Ben," in August 1765 [Jones, The Douglas Register, 348]. The children of Judith Cypress, an Indian woman from Surry County, Virginia, married African Americans. Both families became part of the free African American community. John Teague was an Indian tenant on land in Accomack County on 8 September 1725 [Orders 1724-31, 37]. His likely descendants were Robert Teague, a "Mulato" taxable on himself and a horse in Northampton County, Virginia, in 1787 [Schreiner-Yantis, 1787 Census, 1260] and Sacker Teague who registered as a "free Negro" in Accomack County: born July 1785, a light Black, 5 feet 10-1/2 Inches, Born free [Register of Free Negroes, no.3]. William Press, an Indian "born ... of the body of a free Negro called Priscilla," was fined for failing to list himself as a taxable in Northampton County, Virginia, in 1730 [Mihalyka, Loose Papers 1628-1731, 239]. The descendants of David Pinn, an Indian taxed in Benjamin George's Christ Church Parish, Lancaster County household in 1745 and 1746 were so much a part of the African American community by 1785 that a descendant left his estate to his wife with the proviso that she not marry a slave. Otherwise, it was to go to his sister who was married to a member of the free African American Nickens family [Library of Virginia Microfilm, Lancaster Tithables 1745-95, 1, 6; Northumberland County Wills and Administrations, 80]. It appears that some Indians with English surnames took their names from African American parents. Solomon Bartlett (born about 1727), a "free Mulatto" living in Bertie County in 1772, was probably the ancestor of Solomon and Fanny Bartlett (born about 1800) who were counted in the 1808 Nottoway Indian census [Executive Papers, June 21-July 22, 1808, Gov. William H. Cabell, box 154a, LVA]. John Dungee, a "free Mulatto," received thirty lashes in July 1755 when he was convicted of the attempted rape of a white woman in Brunswick County, Virginia [Orders 1753-6, 451, 498]. He was probably the grandfather of John Dungee, a Pamunkey Indian "descended from the aborigines of this dominion," who petitioned the Virginia Legislature to allow his wife, the daughter of a slave and her slaveowner, to remain in Virginia in 1825 [King William County Legislative Petition, 19 December 1825, LVA]. Francis Skiper was married to Ann, an African American woman, before 2 February 1667/8 when they sold 100 acres of land in Norfolk County [W&D E:28; Orders 1666-75, 73]. They may have been the ancestors of George Skiper, one of the Nottoway Indians who sold land in Southampton County on 2 February 1749 [DB 1:98]. The history of the Bass family, a mixed-race Nansemond and English family, illustrates the position of culturally English Indians Americans in Virginia and NC. Their ancestor, John Bass of Norfolk County, Virginia, married an Indian woman in 1638. There is no evidence that the family ever adopted any Indian customs. John Bass' son William1 Bass purchased land in Norfolk County in 1729. William's son Edward Bass purchased land there in 1699 and had normal dealings in the county court [DB 6, no.2, fols. 36, 170, 255; Orders 1708-10, 124; 1710-17, 14, 136]. William1's daughter Mary Bass was the mistress of two white children who were bound to her by the Norfolk County court on 8 June 1714 [DB 6:189]. William1 Bass obtained a certificate from the Norfolk County court clerk in 1727: An Inquest p'taining to possession & use of Cleared & Swamplands ... William Bass, Senr. & his kinsmen ... are persons of English and Nansemun Indian descent with no Admixture of negor, Ethipopic blood. William1 Bass' son by the same name, William2 Bass, described as tall and swarthy, also obtained a certificate of Indian ancestry from the Norfolk County Clerk on 20 September 1742 [Bell, Bass Families of the South, 15]. His descendants were at least as much African as Indian since he married Sarah Lovina, the "Molatto" daughter of a "Negro Woman" named Jean Lovina, in 1729 [Norfolk WB 6:fol.96; DB 12:188; 18:41-2]. About seventy years later on 27 May 1797 their grandson obtained a certificate from the Norfolk County Clerk stating that he was of English and Indian descent and is not a Negroe nor yt a Mulattoe as by some falsely and malitiously stated. and that he was the son of Sarah Lovina, a vertious woman of Indian descent [Virginia State Archives Accession no.26371].(17) William2 Bass' brothers came to NC in the early eighteenth century, and their descendants settled in Northampton, Bertie, and Granville Counties. Those who settled in Northampton and Bertie Counties prospered and were among the larger landowners in the county. They married whites and most were considered white after a few generations. The Granville branch of the family were relatively small landowners who married free African Americans and were considered African American after a few generations. One of the Granville County descendants, William Bass, was called "free negro" in an undated Granville County court presentation [CR 44.289.19]. Another William Bass was the foster son of a slave in Marlboro District, South Carolina. His extraordinary case illustrates both the extent which the family intermarried with African Americans and the degree of repression suffered by free African Americans in the mid-nineteenth century. On 14 December 1859 he petitioned the legislature to become the slave of Philip W. Pledger explaining that his position as a free person of color, a negro, is more degrading and involves more suffering in this State, than that of a slave ... he is preyed upon by every sharper with whom he comes in contact ... and is charged with and punished for every offence guilty or not, committed in the neighborhood ... and lives a thousand times harder, and in more destitution, than the slaves of many planters [Henry, Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina, 196-7 (Charleston Courier, 20 December 1859)].(18) Definition of "Mulatto" John Bunch, "a Mulatto," and Sarah Slayden, a white woman, petitioned the Council of Virginia to allow them to marry because the Minister of Blisland Parish (in New Kent and James City counties) had refused to marry them. The Attorney General was undecided whether the petition "came within the intent of the Law to prevent Negros and White Persons intermarrying" because he could not resolve "Whether the issue begotten on a White woman by a Mulatto man can properly be called a Mulatto, that name as conceive being only appropriated to the Child of a Negro man begotten upon a white woman or a white man upon a negro woman...[McIlwaine, Executive Journals of the Council, III:28, 31]. In October 1705 Virginia passed a law barring anyone convicted of a crime as well as "any negro, mulatto or Indian" from holding office and added, "for the clearing all manner of doubts which hereafter may happen to arise upon the construction of this act, or any other act, who shall be accounted a mulatto, Be it enacted and declared...That the child of an Indian and the child, grandchild, or great grandchild, of a negro shall be deemed, accounted, held and taken to be a mulatto" [Hening, The Statutes at Large, III:229-235]. This has been taken by some to mean that there was a community of people of mixed white and Indian ancestry in Virginia. However, no such community existed. The law was apparently enacted in response to the request of John Bunch, a "Mulatto," the son or grandson of an African American man, who petitoned the Council of Virginia on 16 August 1705 for permission to marry a white woman. In October 1785 Virginia passed a law specifically "declaring what persons shall be deemed mulattoes": every person of whose grandfathers or grandmothers any one is, or shall have been a negro, although all his other progenitors, except that descending from the negro, shall have been white, shall be deemed a mulatto, and so every person who shall have one-fourth or more of negro blood, shall, in like manner, be deemed a mulatto [Hening, The Statutes at Large, XII:184]. But regardless of the legal definition, the word "Mulatto" was most commonly used by the colonial county courts of Virginia and Maryland when they prosecuted over one thousand cases in which white women who had children by a slave of African descent were sold with their "Mulatto" children as servants. The few cases in which a woman had a child by an Indian were prosecuted under the same law as white bastardy for which the penalty was a fine or corporal punishment. Tri-racial, "Portuguese," and "Indian" Communities Some of the lighter-skinned descendants of these families formed their own distinct communities which have been the subject of anthropological research. Those in Robeson County, NC, are called "Lumbee Indians," in Halifax and Warren counties: "Haliwa-Saponi," in South Carolina: "Brass Ankles" and "Turks," in Tennessee and Kentucky: "Melungeons" and "Portuguese," and in Ohio: "Carmel Indians." Several fantastic theories on their origin have been suggested. One is that they were from Raleigh's lost colony at Roanoke and another that they were an amalgamation of the Siouan-speaking tribes in North and South Carolina [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 36-41]. Documents from a court case held in Johnson County, Tennessee in 1858 provide a detailed description of one such family. They illustrate the extent to which the family was accepted by the white community and the extent to which the family history was already clouded by myths in 1858. Joshua Perkins, born about 1732 in Accomack County, Virginia, was the "Mulatto" son of a white woman [Orders 1731-36, 133]. He owned land in Robeson County, NC, in 1761, moved to Liberty County, South Carolina, and in 1785 moved to what later became Washington County, Tennessee [Bladen County DB 23:80, 121, 104-5, 424-5, 147-8; Philbeck, Bladen County Land Entries, no. 1210]. Along the way, succeeding generations of his family married light-skinned or white people. They owned a ferry, race horses, and an iron ore mine; ran the local school house, and were election officials. However, conditions had changed drastically just prior to the Civil War in 1858 when Jacob b Perkins, great-grandson of Joshua Perkins, brought an unsuccessful suit against one of his neighbors in the Circuit Court of Johnson County for slander because he called him a "free Negro" [The Perkins File in the T.A.R. Nelson Papers in the Calvin M. McClung Collection at the East Tennessee Historical Center]. More than fifty witnesses made depositions or testified at the trial. Many of the deponents had known three generations of the family in NC, South Carolina, or Tennessee. Sixteen of twenty-two elderly witnesses who had actually seen Joshua Perkins testified that he was a "Negro," describing him as a dark skinned man with sheeps wool and flat nose ... [Ibid., deposition of Nancy Lipps]. black man, hair nappy ... Some called Jacob (his son) a Portuguese and some a negro [Ibid., deposition of John Nave, 88 years old]. Knew old Jock (Joshua) in NC on Peedee ... right black or nearly so. Hair kinky ... like a common negro [Ibid., deposition of Abner Duncan, 86 years old]. However, eighteen witnesses for Perkins testified that Joshua Perkins was something other than "Negro" - Portuguese or Indian.(19) They said little about his physical characteristics and those of his descendants. Instead, they argued that he could not have been a "Negro" and been so totally accepted by his community: dark skinned man ... resembled an Indian more than a negro. He was generally called a Portuguese. Living well ... Kept company with everybody. Kept race horses and John Watson rode them [Ibid., deposition of Thomas Cook, 75 years old]. mixed blooded and not white. His wife fair skinned ... They had the same privileges [Ibid., deposition of Catherine Roller, 80 years old]. Hair bushy & long - not kinky. Associated with white people ... Associated with ... the most respectable persons. Some would call them negroes and some Portuguese [Ibid., deposition of John J. Wilson, about 70 years old]. He was known of the Portuguese race ... Four of his sons served in the Revolution ... Jacob and George drafted against Indians ... they came from and kept a ferry in South Carolina [Ibid., deposition of Anna Graves, 77 years old]. They kept company with decent white people and had many visitors [Ibid., deposition of Elizabeth Cook, about 71]. I taught school at Perkins school house ... they were Portuguese ... associated white peoples, clerked at elections and voted and had all privileges [Ibid., deposition of David R. Kinnick, aged 77]. Some who testified in favor of the Perkins family had never seen Joshua Perkins and seemed to be genuinely confused about the family's ancestry: I was well acquainted with Jacob Perkins (a second generation Perkins). A yellow man - said to be Portuguese. They do not look like negroes. have been about his house a great deal and nursed for his wife. She was a little yellow and called the same race. Had blue eyes and black hair. Was visited by white folks [Ibid., deposition of Mary Wilson]. One of the deponents, seventy-seven-year-old Daniel Stout, explained very simply how people of African descent could have been treated well by their white neighbors: Never heard him called a negro. People in those days said nothing about such things [Ibid., deposition of Daniel Stout]. Many of these light-skinned communities were isolated from both the white and former slave populations after the Civil War. Mobile Hobson was the descendant of Ann Hobson, a white woman of Elizabeth City County, and a slave. He was a very old man when interviewed by the Virginia Writers Project which described him as "Grecian featured with skin as white as a white man's." He described events in Poquoson, Virginia, after the Civil War: We used to go to de white churches fo' de war; an' arter dey started schools dey say we was Injuns. Well, we was, too, partly. But we wasn't no Negroes. First dey say we couldn't go in de white church no more. Well, we stopped goin'. Den when dey start de schools, dey say we couldn't go to de white schoolhouse. Some wouldn't go to de colored schoolhouse, an' some would. My dad wouldn't let us go to school wid de Negroes, so we didn't git no schoolin. When it come to marryin' we was in a worse fix. Couldn't marry white an' we wasn't aimin to marry colored. Started in to marryin' each other an' we been marryin' close cousins ever since [WPA, The Negro in Virginia, 36]. (The foreword to the 1994 printing warns that a thicker dialect was added in some interviews). And a study in 1886 described these groups and their relations with the newly freed slaves: The line of demarcation between the Old and New "Ishy" is not only still plainly visible, but bids fair long to continue so. Associating but little with each other, intermarriage is not common. A free Negro who marries a freed one almost invariably loses caste and is disowned by his people. In their habits, manner, and dress, the free negroes still resemble, as they always did, the poorest class of whites much closer than they do the freedman [Dodge, "Free Negroes of NC," Atlantic Monthly 57 (January 1886):20-30].(20) Mixed-race families from Virginia were among the earliest settlers of Bladen County, NC, from which Robeson County was formed in 1787. They were described in a report to the colonial governor of NC in 1754: 50 families a mixt Crew, a lawless People, possess the Lands without patent or paying quit rents; shot a Surveyor for coming to view vacant lands being inclosed in great swamps. ... No Indians...in the county [Saunders, Colonial Records, V:161]. The colonial tax lists for Bladen County listed the following mixed-race families as "Mulattoes" from 1768 to 1770: Braveboy, Carter, Chavis, Clark, Cox, Cumbo, Dimry, Doyal (Dial), Drake, Evans, Goin, Groom, Hammons, Hayes, Hunt, Ivey, James, Johnston, Jones, Kersey, Lamb, Locklear, Lowery, Overton, Oxendine, Perkins, Phillips, Russell, Skipper, Sweat, Sweeting, Walden, Wharton, Wilkins, and Wilson. Only one person was called an Indian: Thomas Britt [Byrd, William L., III, Bladen County Tax Lists, 1768-1774, I: 4-9, 14-17, 24-46, 50]. A complaint of 13 October 1773 listed "free Negors and Mullatus living upon the Kings land...Raitously Assembled together" in Bladen County: Captain James Ivey, Joseph Ivey, Ephraim Sweat, William Chavours Clark, Bengman Dees, William Sweat, George Sweat, William Groom, Senr, William Groom, Junr, Gidion Grant, Thomas Groom, James Frace, Isaac Vaun, Sol. Stableton, Edward Locklear, Tiely Locklear, Major Locklear, Recher Groom, and Ester Carsey [G.A. 73, Box 7]. Actually, most of these families were either granted or purchased land in Bladen County during the eighteenth century. John Groom entered 200 acres in 1748, John Locklear entered 100 acres in 1752, and Major Locklear was living on 100 acres in 1753 when a land entry was recorded for that land in the name of two white men. Thomas Ivey recorded a land entry for 150 acres in February 1754 and in December 1754 Robert Sweat was granted 150 acres which was sold by Philip Chavis in 1768. A representation from Bladen County to the House of Assembly on 18 December 1773 complained of the number of free negroes and mulattoes who infest that county and annoy its Inhabitants [Saunders, Colonial Records, IX:768]. And a white man named Jacob Alford petitioned on behalf of the inhabitants of the upper section of Bladen County that he and his neighbors lived in "Constant dread & Fear of Being Robbed and Murdered by a Set of Robbers and Horse Thiefs," mostly "mulattoes" who numbered about forty [Schweninger, Race, Slavery, and Free Blacks, Series 1, 58]. Winslow Driggers was a notorious leader of one of the outlaw, back-country communities in South Carolina that bordered Bladen County and which were said to consist of both white and mixed-race men. In the Fall of the year 1770 he escaped from jail in Savannah, Georgia, and returned to the area of the Little Peedee River in North and South Carolina where he continued his outlaw career. The following year a band of ex-Regulators captured him at his hideout near Drowning Creek and used the provisions of the Negro Act as an excuse to hang him on the spot [Brown, South Carolina Regulators, 29-31, 103; Saunders, Colonial Records of NC, IX:725, 771]. Most of the families listed in the 1790 and 1800 Robeson County census as "other free" are traced in this history back to persons referred to as "Negroes" or "Mulattos" in Virginia or NC. These are the Branch, Braveboy, Brooks, Carter, Chavis, Cumbo, Dunn, Evans, Gowen, Hammond, Hogg, Hunt, Jacobs, James, Johnston, Kersey, Locklear, Manuel, Newsom, Oxendine, Revell, Roberts, Sweat and Wilkins families. It appears from court records that free African Americans in Robeson County were at times accepted by the white population. They attended white schools and churches, voted, and mustered with whites. On 1 April 1805 the Robeson County court appointed James Lowery overseer of a road, a position usually reserved for whites [Minutes I:321]. However, they lost many of their rights with the passage of NC's "Free Negro Codes" from about 1826 to 1850. Charles Oxendine was indicted by the Robeson County court for assault and battery and fined fifteen dollars. When he failed to pay his fine, the court ordered the sheriff to hire him out since he was a "free Negro." Oxendine appealed the ruling to the supreme court of NC in 1837 on the basis that the law unconstitutionally discriminated against free persons of color. During the Civil War, two cousins of the Lowery family of Robeson County were murdered while absent from fortification duty. The white man suspected of their murder was himself murdered shortly afterwards. A few months later in March 1865 a grandson of James Lowery, Allen Lowery, and his son William were murdered by the White Home Guard on the suspicion they were aiding escaped Union prisoners. The following month Hector Oxendine was murdered on the suspicion he helped General Sherman when he marched through Robeson County. In response to these acts Henry Berry Lowery, a son of Allen Lowery, led a band of armed men who killed or drove from the county those who were involved in the murders. The band remained at large for nearly ten years despite the determined efforts of the White Home Guard, federal troops, and huge rewards for bounty hunters [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 50-65]. The New York Herald sent journalist Alfred Townsend to the county to report on the band. He described the area where most of the former free persons of color were living as Scuffletown...The Mulatto Capital...spreads besides three or four miles on both sides of the (Rutherford Railway) track and is surrounded on three sides with swamps, a tract of several miles, covered at wide intervals with hills and log cabins of the rudest and simplest construction, sometimes a half dozen of these huts being proximate. The people have few or no horses, but often keep a kind of stunted ox to haul their short, rickety carts... and a little old lever-well of the crudest mechanism. The cabin is found built of hewn logs, morticed at the ends, the chinks stopped with mud, the chimney built against one gable on the outside of logs and clay, with sticks and clay above where it narrows to the smoke hole. There is beside the large chimney place, a half barrel, sawed off, to make lye from the wood ashes, and the other half of the barrel is seen to serve the uses of a washtub. The mongrel dog is always a feature of the establishment. The two or three acres of the lot are generally ploughed or planted in potatoes or maize...The bed is made on the floor, there are two or three stools; only one apartment comprising the whole establishment. Just such a place as the above is the house of Henry Berry Lowery, the outlaw chief, except that, being a carpenter he has nailed weather strips over the interstices, between the logs and made himself a sort of bedstead and some chairs. His cabin has two doors, opposite each other. The Scuffletowners go out to work as ditchers for the neighboring farmers who pay them magnanimous wages of $6 a month. The above picture while true of the majority of Scuffletowners, is not justly descriptive of all. The Oxendines are all well to do, or were before this bloody feud began, and the Lowerys were industrious carpenters, whose handiwork is seen at Lumberton, Shoe Heel and all round that region...The whites hated the settlement because it was a bad example to the negroes. But most people were Baptists or Methodists, and nearly all owned their own homesteads [Townsend, The Swamp Outlaws, 42-5]. He described Henry Berry Lowery as "a yellow fellow, Indian-looking...of mixed Tuscarora, mulatto, and white blood...has straight black hair, like an Indian...one of the handsomest mulattoes you ever saw." And stated that the Lowerys "and their blood relatives showed Indian traces while Scuffletown at large is mainly plain, unromantic mulatto." He described the predominantly-white county seat of Lumberton as wholly built of unpainted planks or logs which have become nearly black with weather stains. The streets are sandy and without pavements of either brick or wood [Townsend, The Swamp Outlaws, 39, 42-6]. Though started for the purpose of exacting revenge for the murders of members of the Lowery family, the band also demonstrated that the community could not be intimidated by whites. Much of the white community was in fear of the band, but their leader was quoted as saying, We don't kill anybody but the Ku Klux [Townsend, Swamp Outlaws, 26-7]. The end of the band came in 1874 with the death of Steve Lowery, but the establishment of a self defence force helped their community maintain some political power at a time when white aggression prevented many African Americans from exercising their political rights. After the Civil War the former free persons of color voted for the same party as the former slaves: Republican. This made for an almost equal division between the Democrats and the Republicans in Robeson County (and in NC as a whole) [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 20, 61, 73]. However, those who had been free before the Civil War objected to the arrangement whereby the schools were divided between white and "Colored" districts. Their settlements were included in twelve of Robeson County's "Colored" districts. In 1885 NC passed a law sponsored by Hamilton McMillan, a Democrat from Robeson County, creating separate school districts for the former free persons of color of the county. McMillan invented the name "Croatan Indians" and theorized that they had descended from a friendly tribe of Indians on the Roanoke River in eastern NC who had mixed with the whites in Sir Walter Raleigh's lost colony in 1587 [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 62]. Twelve "Croatan Indian" districts were created from districts which had formerly been "Colored" [Minutes, County Board of Education, 1885-1911, 1-4]. This swung many of their votes to the Democrats. Thus, in the early part of the Jim Crow era, the Democrats solidified their position in the legislature and solved the problem of drawing racial lines in a county where they had been blurred. In 1900 when the former slaves were disenfranchised by Jim Crow laws and "Red Shirt" violence, the "Croatan Indians" lost much of their political influence since the Republicans were no longer a factor in politics. The 1885 law did not confer any benefits, just made a division that created three castes in Robeson County: white, Colored and "Croatan Indian." Later, there would be three sets of water fountains, seating areas, rest rooms, etc. [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 23, 62-3]. The change of name from "mulattoes" to "Croatan Indians" did not change white attitudes toward them. Whites shortened the name to the pejorative "Crows." The name was changed to "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County" in 1913, "Siouan Indians of Lumber River" in 1934-1935, and they were recognized by the U.S. Congress as Lumbee Indians in 1956. The 1885 NC bill changed the history of Indians in the Southeast. Anthropologist James Mooney included the Croatan Indians and other mixed-race communities in adjoining North and South Carolina counties in his studies of the Indian tribes of the Southeast in 1907, and Frank m Speck travelled throughout the Southeast "discovering" lost tribes [Blu, The Lumbee Problem, 41]. Person County granted a group called "old issue negroes" their own separate school on 2 February 1887. It was discontinued about 1896 but reestablished on 4 January 1901: listed as "Mongolian" through 1906, "Cuban" from 6 April 1908 through 1911, and listed as for "the Indian race" in October 1912 [Person County School Board Minutes cited by mC. Waldrep, III, personal communication, 20 April 2000]. Other invented NC Indian tribes followed: the Sampson County Coharie Indians, Columbus County Waccamaw-Siouan Indians, and Halifax County Haliwa-Saponi Indians. Virginia recognized the former free-person-of-color community of Norfolk County as Nansemond Indians and the community in Amherst county as Monacan Indians. A study in 1920 described the group in Halifax County: Probably the largest group of free Negroes to be found in NC was the exclusive "old issue" settlement known far and wide as the Meadows, near Ransom's Bridge on Fishing Creek in Halifax County. The group still bears the appellation "old issue" and are heartily detested by the well-to-do Negroes in the adjoining counties [Taylor, R. H., The Free Negro in NC (James Sprunt Historical Publications) v. 17, no.1, p.23]. Indian Reservations It is also evident that most Indians living on Virginia reservations during the colonial and early national periods made little distinction between themselves and African Americans. In 1811 Thomas Jefferson described the remaining members of the Mattopony tribe as being "three or four men only and they have more Negro than Indian blood [Johnston, Race Relations in Virginia, 281]. A number of free African American families had joined the Pamunkey reservation by 1836 when they signed a Pamunkey petition to the governor: Isaac Miles, Jr. (one of the "headmen"), Anderson Holt, William Holt, Ben Holt, Archia Miles, Sylvanus Miles, Pleasant Miles, William Sweat, Abram Sweat and Allen Sweat [Rountree, Pocahontas's People, 344]. One hundred and forty-three whites in Prince William County, Virginia, petitioned the legislature in 1843 concerning the Pamunkey Tribe saying Now the Pamunkys form only a small remnant of the population, having so largely mingled with the negro race as to have obliterated all striking features of Indian extraction. Their land is now inhabited by two unincorporated bands of free mulattoes in the midst of a large slave holding community. The Pamunkey submitted a counter-petition in which they claimed that they were generally of at least half Indian extraction [LVA, Legislative Petitions, King William County, 1843, B-1207, B-1208, cited by Russell, Free Negro of Virginia, 129]. The Gingaskin Indians of Northampton County, Virginia, said to be as numerous as all other tribes in the county put together, numbered only thirty persons by 1769. In 1813 their descendants were described as a heterogeneous mixture of Indian, Negro, and white [Whitelaw, Virginia's Eastern Shore, 30, 284]. Their land was divided among the heads of families, and in 1828 the clerk of Northampton County court stated that their descendants were respectable free Negro landowners [Johnston, Race Relations in Virginia, 280-1]. The nearest thing to a census of the reservations is provided by the deeds by which Indians living on tribal lands sold or leased their land. The deeds were signed by the "chief men" (and women) of the tribe. The principal members of the Nottoway and Nansemond living in present-day Southampton County were: King Edmunds, James Harrison, Ned, Peter, Robert Scoller, Sam, Wanoke Robin, William Hines, Frank, Wanoke Robin, Jr., Cockarons Tom, and Cockarons Will (in 1735). Sam, Frank, Jack Will, John Turner, Wat Bailey, and George Skiper (in 1750). John Turner, and Celia Rogers (a Nansemond Indian) and Suky Turner (in 1795) [Surry County DB 8:550; Southampton County DB 1:98; 7:714]. Between 1734 and 1756 the Nottoway had been so reduced by "the want of the common necessaries of life, sickness, and other casualties" that the Virginia Legislature allowed them to sell a total of 18,000 acres of their land in Southampton County [Hening, Statutes at Large, IV:459; V:170; VI:211; VMHB V:339]. They used land sales and leases to support themselves. There were only six adults and eleven children in the census taken in 1808: adults: Littleton Scholar, Tom Turner, Jemmy Wineoak, Edy Turner, Nancy Turner, and Betsy Step children: Tom Step, Henry Turner, Alexander Rogers, John Woodson, Winny Woodson, Anny Woodson, Polly Woodson, Fanny Bartlett, Solomon Bartlett, Billy Woodson, and Jenny Woodson [Executive Papers June 21- July 22, 1808, Gov. William H. Cabell, Box 154a, LVA]. No adult Indian was married to or sharing a household with any other adult Indian [Roundtree, "The Termination and Dispersal of the Nottoway Indians of Virginia," VMHB 95:193-214]. A legislative petition from Southampton County in 1818 reported that Their husbands and wives are chiefly free negroes [Legislative Petition, Southampton County, December 16, 1818, LVA]. Some of the names of the Chowan Tribe were recorded in Chowan County deeds by which they sold their land on Bennett's Creek in 1734 in what was later Gates County. They were Charles Beasley, James Bennett, Thos Hoyter, Jeremiah Pushin, John Reading, John Robins, & Nuce Will [Chowan DB W-1, 215-216, 237-239, 247-253]. When the surviving members of the tribe sold the last 400 acres of their 11,360 acre patent in 1790, they were described as a parcel of Indian women, which has mixed with Negroes, and now there is several freemen and women of Mixed blood as aforesaid which has descended from the sd Indians[General Asembly Session Records, Nov-Dec 1790, Box 2; Gates County DB 2:273, 274; A-2:33]. About 300 Tuscarora men, women, and children were living on 40,000 acres in Bertie County between 1752 and 1761 [Saunders, Colonial Records, V:161-2, 320-1]. The tribe never gave up its Indian customs. Their numbers had been reduced to 260 in 1766 when they leased part of their land. 155 members of the tribe moved to the state of New York after the 1766 lease, and the remainder joined them in 1802 [Swanton, Indian Tribes of North America, 87]. Since they left the Southeast, it is difficult to determine the extent to which they mixed with the free African American population of Bertie County. Many of their names were recorded in the deeds of 1766 and 1777 by which they leased over 8,000 acres of the land in the southwest corner of Bertie County between the Roanoke River and Roquist Pocosin to the Attorney General: James Allen, Sarah Basket, Thomas Basket, William Basket, Betty Blount, Billy Blount, Sr., Billy Blount, Jr., Edward Blount, George Blount, Sarah Blount, Thomas Blount, Bille Blunt, Jr, Samuel Bridgers, William Cain, John Cain, Molly Cain, Wineoak Charles, Jr., Wineoak Charles, Sr., Bille Cornelius, Charles Cornelius, Isaac Cornelius, Billy Denis, Sarah Dennis, Billy George, Snipnose George, Watt Gibson, James Hicks, John Hicks, Sarah Hicks, Senicar Thomas Howell, Tom Jack, Capt. Joe, John Litewood, Isaac Miller, James Mitchell, Bille Mitchell, Bille Netof, Bille Owens, John Owens, Nane Owens, William Pugh, John Randel, Billy Roberts, Tom Roberts, Jr., John Rogers, Harry Samuel, John Senicar, Thomas Senicar, Ben Smith, John Smith, Molly Smith, Thomas Smith, Bille Sockey, William Taylor, Bridgers Thomas, Tom Thomas, Lewis Tuffdick, West Whitmel Tufdick, Whitmel Tuffdick, Isaac Whealer, James Wiggians, John Wiggins, Molly Wineoak and Bette Yollone [DB L-2:56; M:314-9]. The names of the Piscataway Indians living in Richmond County, Virginia were mentioned in a court case in September 1704: Young Toby, Long Tom, Jack the Fidler, Old Mr. Thomas, Bearded Jack, Jemmy, Harry Capoos, and Bearded Jack [Orders 1702-1704, 361]. Members of the Sapony in Orange County, Virginia, were mentioned in a court case in 1742-1743 in which they were charged with stealing a hog and burning the woods: Alex Machartion, John Bowling, Manissa, Caft Tom, Isaac Harry, Blind Tom, Foolish Jack, Charles Gibb, John Collins, and Little Jack [VMHB III:190]. The Cherokee lived in the mountainous regions of NC and East Tennessee and had little contact with the colonists. Endnotes: 1. Tithable Heads of Household: Bastian Cane and his wife Grace, Emanuel Driggers, Basshaw Ferdinando, his wife Susan, and Hannah Carter, John Francisco Negro and Christian Francisco, William Harman and his wife Jane, Anthony Johnson, John Johnston (2), John Kinge, Philip Mongon and his wife, Francis Pane Negro, King Tony and his wife Sarah. Tithables in White Households: John Archer Negro, Peter Beckett Negro, Edward and Thomas Carter, Thomas, Frances, and Mary Driggus Negro, Peter and Joan George, Jane Guzell, Ann Harmon, Gabriel and Bab Jacob, and Daniel and Isabell Webb [Order Books 1657-64, p.103, fol.104, 176, 198; 1664-74, fol.14, 15, 19, 42, 54, pp. 15, 42, 54, 55; 1674-79, fol.114, p.191]. In the year 1677 there were 25 tithable free African Americans and 53 tithable slaves out of a total of 467 tithables [1674-79, 189-91]. 2. Female free African Americans were made tithable in 1668, but the 1705 law did not include them [Hening, Statutes at Large, III:258-9]. Norfolk County officials did not enforce the 1723 amendment until 1735-1736 when female members of the Anderson, Archer, Bass, Hall, Manley, and Price families were taxed [Wingo, Norfolk County Tithables, 1730-1750, 144, 157, 168, 183, 185, 190]. Surry County probably did not enforce the 1723 amendment until 21 November 1758 when the Surry County court presented thirteen free African Americans for not listing their wives as tithables. They were the Banks, Barkley, Barlow, Charity, Debrix, Eley, Peters, Simon, Tann, Walden, and Wilson families [Orders 1757-64, 135]. 3. Families descended from white women whose histories are included in this work include the Allen, Alvis, Ancel, Anderson, Armstrong, Arnold, Baker, Baltrip, Banks, Barber, Barnett, Bazden (2 children), Beckett, Bell, Bibbens, Bibby, Boon, Boyd, Britt, Brooks, Bryant, Bugg, Bunch, Bunday, Burke, Burkett, Burnett, Burrell, Buss, Butler, Byrd, Cassidy, Chambers, Clark, Collins, Combess, Conner, Cook (two families), Cooley, Copes, Cousins, Cunningham, Cuttillo, Davenport, Davis, Day, Dempsey, Dennis, Donathan, Driver, Duncan, Dungee, Dunn, Dunstan, Elliott, Ellis, Farrell, Finnie, Fletcher, Flora, Fortune, Gallimore, Grace, Graham, Grant, Grantum, Graves, Gray, Grayson, Gregory, Griffin, Grimes, Gwinn, Hall, Hamilton, Hammond, Harrison, Haws, Haynes, Heath, Hilliard, Hobson, Hodges, Hogg, Holt, Hood, Howard, Howell, Hubbard, Hughes, Kelly, Kent, King, Lamb, Lang, Lansford, Lawson, Lewis (two families), Lighty, Ligon, Locus/ Lucas, Lynch, McCarty, McCoy, McIntosh, Madden, Magee, Manly (two families), Martin, Mason, Matthews, Mays, Meade, Mills, Morgan, Morris, Murray, Murrow, Nicholas, Norris, Norman, Oliver, Overton, Oxendine, Palmer, Parsons, Perkins, Phillips, Pickett, Pierce, Powell, Price, Proctor, Pryor, Pursley, Range, Redman, Reed, Ridley, Roach, Roberts, Robinson, Rollins, Ross, Ruffs, Russell, Sample, Sampson, Saunders, Scott, Shepherd, Simmons, Simms, Simpson, Sorrell, Sparrow, Stephens, Stewart, Stringer, Swan, Symons, Tate, Thomas, Timber, Toney, Tootle, Toyer, Tyler, Tyner, Tyre, Venie/ Venners, Wallace, Warwick, Webb (two families), West, Whistler, White (two families), Wiggins, Williams, Wilson, Winn, Wise Wood, Wooten and Worrell families. Other white women who had mixed-race children were: - Jane Alexander in 1754 [Prince William County Orders 1754-5, 4, 131]. - Mary Ballard on 29 March 1708 [Northampton County Orders, Wills 1698-1710, 398]. - the mother of Joseph Barham in July 1744 [Charles City County Orders 1737-51 311], - Dorothy Bestick, Accomack County in 1687 [W&Co 1682-97, 119a] - Hannah Boughan in 1714 in Northumberland County [Orders 1713-19, 102]. - Ann Bradger in 1744 [Chamberlayne, Vestry Book of Stratton Major Parish, King & Queen County, 56] - Mary Breedlove in 1767 [Essex County Court Orders 1764-7, 415, 469]. - Sarah Bunbury in 1692 [Richmond County Orders 1692-94, 40] - the mother of Margaret Callahan in 1751 [Frederick County Orders 1751-3, 418]. - Elizabeth Cambridge in 1702 [Essex County Orders 1699-1702, 116] - Eleanor Caverner in 1724 [Richmond County Orders 1721-32, 158, 164, 208] - Elizabeth Chilmaid in 1706 [York DOW 13:19] - Margaret Chiswick in 1705 [Richmond County Orders 1704-8, 97]. - Mary Cicile (3 children) in 1702 [Richmond County Orders 1702-04, 157] - Hannah Clagg in 1695 [Princess Anne County Minutes 1691-1709, 81]. - Mary Collowhough in 1691 [Westmoreland Orders 1690-92, 24] - Elizabeth Crane in 1712 [Westmoreland Orders 1705-21, 203a] - Margaret Davison in 1748 [Frederick County Orders 1745-8, 501, 505] - Catherine Dennison in 1704 [Lancaster County Orders 1702-13, 107]. - Charlotte Deormond before 1769 [Rowan County Minutes 1766-9, 16 (abstract p. 194)]. - Mary Edgar in 1772 [Princess Anne County Minutes 1770-3, 369]. - Eleanor Fielding in 1753 [York County Judgments & Orders 1752-4, 232]. - Christian Finny in 1736 [Carteret County Minutes 1723-47, fol.33c] - Margaret Fitzgerald in 1703 [Richmond County Orders 1702-04, 274] - Isabel Forbess in 1761 and 1764 [Historic Dumfries, Records of Dettingen Parish, 114-5] - Sarah Gupton in 1737 [Richmond County Orders 1732-9, 556]. - Tamer Haislip in 1765 [Chesterfield County Orders 1765-7, 96] - Eliza Hamilton in 1758 [Norfolk Orders 1755-9, 209] - Mary Hanson in 1706 [York DOW 12:424] - Mary Hipsley in 1707 [Westmoreland County Orders 1705-21, 64, 69, 72] - Martha Hudman in 1760 [Prince William County Orders 1759-61, 223, 229, 230, 241] - Isabel Hutton in 1707 [Accomack County Orders 1703-9, 91a, 122] - Martha Inglish in 1768 [Isle of Wight County Orders 1764-8, 498] - Dorcas Johnston in 1758 [Caroline County Court Orers 1755-8, 347]. - Jane Kewmin in 1703 [Richmond County, Va. Orders 1702-04, 154] - Jane Knox in Augusta County in 1758 [Orders 1757-61, 177, 221, 285]. - Elizabeth Lane in 1691 (two children) [Surry Orders 1682-91, 771, 777] - Mary Lawhan in 1708 [Middlesex County Orders 1705-10, 177, 181]. - Mary Lawler on 30 July 1707 [Westmoreland County Orders 1705-21, 64] - Isabella Levingston in 1768 [Fairfax County Orders 1768-70, 70, 90]. - Bridget Lugrove in 1692 (two children) [Henrico County Orders 1678-93, 406, 419] - Mary Lynn (Robert Hitch) before 1710 [Westmoreland County Orders 1705-21, 144]. - Katherine Mackeel in 1699 [Princess Anne County Minutes 1691-1709, 211, 213, 224]. - Jane Morrison in 1768 and 1770 [Fairfax County Orders 1768-70, 70; 1770-2, 17, 145]. - Mary Ormes in 1697 [Middlesex County Orders 1694-1705, 182]. - Mary Overton in Orange County, Virginia, in 1750 [Orders 1747-54, 259, 261]. - Mary Owen in 1720 [Prince George County Orders 1714-20, 320] - Mary Phillips in 1694 [Northumberland Orders 1678-98, part 2, 673] - Ann Pittman in 1722 [Princess Ann County Orders 1717-28, 151] - the mother of Sarah, a "molotto" in York County in 1694 [OW 9:318]. - Eleanor Poor in 1704 [Lancaster County Orders 1702-13, 70]. - Mary Poore (two children) in 1686 [Surry Orders 1682-91, 529, 630] - Ann Pullen in 1688 [Henrico Orders 1678-93, 278] - Ann Pursley in December 1737 [Westmoreland County Orders 1731-39, 252a] - Eleanor Road in Augusta County in 1747 [Orders 1745-7, 288] - Mary Rowland in 1740 [Surry Deeds, Wills, 9:172] - Jane Scot in Augusta County in 1749 [Orders 1747-51, 112] - Ann Screws in 1748 [Isle of Wight County Orders 1746-52, 109] - Margaret Shaw in 1715 [Prince George County Orders 1714-20, 30], - Susanna Shelton in 1686 [Surry Orders 1682-91, 508] - Mary Sherredon in 1736 [Surry DW&c 1730-38, 569] - Tamer Smith served a six months prison term and paid a 10 pound fine in order to marry Major Hitchens, head of a Northampton County, Virginia household of 4 free tithables and 2 slaves in 1737 and 1744 [L.P. 1737, 1744; L.P. #24 (1738) by Deal, Race and Class, 216] - Mary Taggat in 1751 [Lunenburg Orders 2:474]. - Margaret Theloball in 1735 [Princess Ann County Orders 1728-37, 272] - Ann Tillett in January 1744/5 [Pasquotank County Court Minutes, 1737-53, 141] - Joan Tinkham in 1687 [Westmoreland County Orders 1675-89, 611]. - Ann Vasper in 1732 [Overwharton, Stafford County Register, 1724-74, 30] - Anne Verty in 1747 [Frederick County Orders 1745-8 354] - Mary Vincent in 1664 [Accomack County DW 1664-71, fol. 20] - Sarah Williamson in July 1716 [Saunders, Colonial Records of NC, V:114]. - Catherine Wilson in 1723 [Northampton County, Virginia Orders 18:86]. - Ann Wimball in 1703 [York County DOW 12:80]. 4. Families descended from freed slaves include: Africa, Anderson, Archer, Artis, Black, Bowser, Cane, Carter, Charity, Churton, Cole, Cornish, Cuffee, Cumbo, Dove, Driggers, Drury, George, Gowen, Harmon, Harris, Jacobs, James, Jeffries, Johnson, Leviner, Lytle, Manuel, Mongom, Moore, Mordick, Newton, Nickens, Payne, Roberts, Sisco, and Tann families. Families descended from Indians who married into the free African American community include: Bass, Cockran, Cypress, Findley, Hatcher, Hatfield/ Hatter, Hiter, Jeffery, Jumper, Kinney, Lang, Lawrence, Logan, Month, Pinn, Press, Teague, Robins, and Vaughan. Families descended from white men who married free African American women include: Berry, Combs, Ivey, Lantern, Newsom, Norwood, Snelling, Skipper and Sweat. 5. The same advertiser in that edition clearly identified a runaway free African American, Reuben Dye, as a "Negro man." 6. In a most extraordinary move, on 13 February 1773 the Dobbs County court recommended to the General Assembly that Edward Carter's daughters be exempted from the discriminatory tax against female children of African Americans [Saunders, Colonial Records of NC, IX:495]. 7. Another member of this family, Hiram Revels, first African American to be elected to the U.S. Senate, was born in Fayetteville, Cumberland County, NC in 1822 [Encyclopedia Britannica, Ready Reference & Index VIII:538]. 8. NC and Virginia enacted apprenticeship laws similar to those in England. In 1646 Virginia passed a law giving justices of the peace at their own discretion the right to bind out children of the poor "to avoyd sloath and idleness wherewith such children are easily corrupted, as also for the relief of such parents whose poverty extends not to give them breeding" [Hening, Statutes at Large, XXVII:336]. 9. Carteret County, however, continued the practice of binding mixed-race children until the age of thirty-one at least until 1759 [Minutes, 1747-64, 53]. This attitude of the court may explain why free African Americans made up only 0.3% of the free Carteret County population in 1790. Craven and Granville Counties, on the other hand, bound out free African American girls until the age of eighteen - the same as for white girls, and free African Americans made up almost 5% of the free population of these counties in 1790 (4.6 and 4.9% respectively) [Heads of families - NC, 10; Craven Minutes 1764-66, 50d; 1779-84, 79a; 1784-86, 49a; 1786-87, 26b; Granville Minutes, 1792-95, 65, 92]. 10. The Craven County court also ruled in favor of three African Americans who were born free elsewhere but held in bondage in Craven County between 1770 and 1778 [Minutes 1764-75, 2:147b; 1772-84, 2:38d, 48b, 58c-d, 69a]. 11. George Barrow was head of a Hyde County household of 5 "other free" and a slave in 1800 [NC:363] and 9 "free colored" in 1820 [NC:248]. 12. Narcissa Ratley's letter is in the possession of Robert Jackson of Silver Springs, Maryland. 13. Free African Americans arrested in Southampton County after Nat Turner's Rebellion included Arnold Artist (Artis), Exum Artes, Berry Newsom, Thomas Haithcock, and Isham Turner. Artes, Haithcock, and Newsom were sent for further trial [Drewry, The Southampton County Insurrection, 195-6]. 14. "By petition signed by 5 or more of their respectable neighbors" the 18 August 1845 Halifax Court issued gun licenses to Lemuel Morgan, Aaron, Arthur and Gabriel Locklear, Matthew Jones, John Smith, Robert Mitchum, Fed Haithcock, Fed Wilkins, Alex Jones, David Reynolds, Julius Flood, Ambrose Hawkins, Simon Purnin, William Jones. The November 1841 Robeson County court issued licenses using the form, "Whereas ... a Colored man residing in this County by name ____ doth sustain a good moral Character therefore it is adjudged that the said ____ be permitted to bear fire armes ... & use the same as any other good Citizen of the Community." They were issued to David, Aaron, and Alexander Oxendine, Ishmael, Ethelred, Nelson, and Willis Roberts, David Scott, William Goings, Henry Sampson, Abraham Jones, George Morgan, Levi and Hector Locklear, and John Blanks. 15. Bell I. Wiley understandably mistook Chavers for a recently manumitted slave, including this letter in his book, Slaves No More (1980), University Press of Kentucky. 16. The slave population of some Virginia counties may have had a fair amount of Indian ancestry in the early eighteenth century. Daniel Jenifer's "negro Slave called old Daniel" had a child by his Indian slave, Nanny, before 15 April 1687 when Jenifer made his Accomack County will. Their child Annis was called a "mustie" young woman in a 9 December 1697 Accomack County court case [Orders 1697-1703, 8]. Mary Scarburgh's slave, Songo, had an Indian wife named Molo when Scarburgh made her 19 December 1691 Accomack County will [Orders 1682-97, 216, 228a]. count thirty-two Indian children brought to court to have their ages adjudged in Charles City County court between 1687 and 1695, a similar number in Henrico County between 1683 and 1687 and another thirty children in Henrico County between 1691 and 1712 [Charles City Orders 1687-95, 144, 180, 244, 263, 295, 314, 332, 349, 351, 353, 385, 409, 415, 421, 458, 461, 474, 482, 505, 507, 535; Henrico Orders 1678-93, 139-41, 146-7, 150, 157-8, 161, 163, 177, 210, 241, 391, 430; 1694-1701, 40, 71, 80, 82, 112, 117, 149, 169, 200, 210, 211, 213, 218, 229-31, 235, 237; 1707-9, 29; 1710-4, 134, 161]. The Henrico County court bound out as an apprentice "Joe a Mollatto the Son of Nan an Indian Woman" in November 1740 [Orders 1737-46, 128]. And "Tom a Mulatto or Mustee" petitioned the Henrico County court for his freedom in January 1737/8, testifying that he was the grandson of a white woman but was held as a slave by Alexander Trent [Orders 1737-46, 20]. In June 1722 "Peg a Mulattoe woman Servant ... whose mother was an Indian" was ordered by the Henrico County court to serve her master until the age of thirty years [Orders 1719-24, 182]. 17. Other free African American families (Anderson, Weaver, Perkins, Bright, Newton, and Price) were issued certificates of Nansemond Indian ancestry by the Norfolk Court on 15 and 20 July 1833 [Bell, Bass Families of the South, chapter on Nansemond Indian Ancestry of Some Bass Families, 1, 8]. 18. Philip Pledger may have been related to Morris Pledger, head of an Anson County, NC household of 6 "other free" in 1800 [NC:203]. 19. The use of the term "Portuguese" for a mixed-race person accepted as white was used as early as October 1812 when the Marion District, South Carolina Court of Common Pleas ruled that Thomas Hagans did not have to pay the levy on "Free Negros" because he was Portuguese [NCGSJ IX:259]. Thomas was the son of Zachariah Hagins, a "Mulatto" bound out in Johnston County, NC Court in October 1760 [Haun, Johnston County Court Minutes, I:46]. 20. "Old" and "new issue" were terms used to distinguish African Americans free before and after the Civil War. The term probably referred to the new monetary currency issued after the war. 21. The free African American residents of colonial Bladen County were the Chavis, Grooms, Ivey, Kersey, Locklear, and Sweat families, called "free Negors and Mullatus living upon the Kings Land" in "A List of the Mob Raitously Assembled together in Bladen Countey October 13th 1773" [G.A. 1773, Box 7]. 22. Thomas Lockery was identified as "Thomas Lockleer" in the 1780 Granville County tax assessments list. 23. Scuffletown was the term for the center of the Lumbee settlement. 24. Kinston Robins was one of the "sundry persons of Colour of Hertford County" who petitioned the General Assembly in 1822 to repeal the act which declared slaves to be competent witnesses against free African Americans [NCGSJ XI:252]. Go to Family Histories, Abel - Avery Notater for ESTHER IRENE WALLIN: Døpt 16.05.1920. De bodde Frankendalsgt. 17, Larvik når hun b. Faddere: Glaspuster Ragnvald Opperud and hustru Magna, Murmester Julius Wallin and Frk. Sofie Iversen. Hun døde av kreft. Dødsannonse Østlands-Posten den 13.06.1983. Barn av LEELAND WHITTED and ESTHER WALLIN er: 43. i. NELLIE IRENE16 WHITTED b 28.05.1949, Fürth, Bayern, Tyskland.. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 13
42. MARGARET OUSBY16 BLACKNALL (WILLIAM HENRY15, CHARLES CHRISTOPHER14, MATILDA S13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 17.03.1912 Wake County NC Usa d 25.08.1971 Wake County NC Usa m MILTON DAVID WOODARD, sønn av LEONARD WOODARD and FLORENCE KING. Han b 12.06.1912 Wake Co NC Usa d 12.04.1963 Robenson Co NC Usa. Barn av MARGARET BLACKNALL and MILTON WOODARD er: i. THOMAS BLACKNALL17 WOODARD b 24.12.1937, Wake Co NC Usa; d. 15.03.1941, Wake Co NC Usa. ii. MILTON D WOODARD b 27.11.1931; d. 19.12.2012. Notater for MILTON D WOODARD: SCV ~ En2 U.S. Navy Korea iii. JOHN OUSBY WOODARD b 03.11.1939, NC Usa; d. 15.03.1993, Franklin Co NC Usa. Notater for JOHN OUSBY WOODARD: "Pete" 43. NELLIE IRENE16 WHITTED (LEELAND15, JULIA14 WILSON, CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 28.05.1949 Fürth, Bayern, Tyskland.. Hun møtte KAI ARNT JAKOBSEN 27.05.1965 Larvik kirkes sakresti Vestfold, sønn av SVERRE ERIKSEN and RIGMOR ANDERSEN. Han b 20.02.1946 Skien,Telemark Norway. Notater for NELLIE IRENE WHITTED: Døpt den Evangelisk Lutherske kirke Fürth Bayern.Far Amerikansk soldat .Har funnet et søskenbarn New York,og venter nå på hva som videre skjer. Min slekts historie på farsiden Pamlico From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with Pimlico. This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007) Pamlico Total population Extinct as a tribe Regions with significant populations North Carolina Languages Algonquian (historical) Religion Tribal religion (historical) Related ethnic groups Chowanoke, Machapunga The Pamlico (or Pomouik) were a Native American people of NC. They spoke an Algonquian language also known as Pamlico or Carolina Algonquian. Contents [hide] 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 17th century history 2.2 18th century history 3 Culture 3.1 Ceremonies 4 See also 5 References Geography[edit] Pamlico The Pamlico Indians lived on the Pamlico River in NC. Named after them were Pamlico Sound, the largest sound in NC, and Pamlico County. They are one of the most southerly Algonquian tribes on the Atlantic seaboard, and the most southerly one for which scholars collected a vocabulary. History[edit] The Raleigh colonists referred to the Pamlico in 1585-86 by the name Pomoui. 17th century history[edit] The Arrival of the Englishmen in Virginia, 1607. In 1695, smallpox, called "A great Mortality", devastated the Pamlico and neighboring Algonquian communities and reduced their populations. In 1701 the explorer John Lawson noted their Algonquian language and vocabulary (Lawson, 1860). By 1710 the Pamlico people were so limited that they lived in a single small village. Algonquian village on the Pamlico River estuary By 1709 the total NC Algonquian population was down to some 600 from at least several thousand at the time of English encounter. The Tuscarora War, 1711-1713, claimed more fatalities among the Algonquian allies than of the Tuscarora. In the late stages, the Tuscarora turned on some of their allies. They likely incorporated some of the Pamlico as slaves. By the end of the century, only a handful of Algonkians remained. With the decrease in numbers came the loss of tribal lands. Thus, the Weapemeoc Indians sold their lands on Albemarle Sound in 1660 and 1662 and started to move to the interior. By 1697 they complained against the encroachments of white settlers in their new location. The English assigned a reservation on Bennetts Creek to the Chawanokes (Chowan) before 1700; they reduced its sized from 12 to 6 square miles (16 km2) by 1707; the Chowanoke sold off land in 1713. After the Tuscarora War, the Machapunga also were assigned to a reservation. Other groups on the Pamlico Sound joined either the Machapunga or the Tuscarora. With growing white presence in eastern Carolina, more products of European origin were introduced to the Indians. Guns were regularly used instead of bows and arrows during the eighteenth century. Iron hatchets had likewise replaced wooden clubs. English clothes were also widely used by the Indians. The Roanoke chief had an English-style house built in 1654. Other practices persisted through the nineteenth century, including the women making baskets of rushes and silk grass. They decorated them with woven-in life motifs. 18th century history[edit] An aged Native man from Pomeiock, c. 1590 During the seventeenth century, the Chawanoke were in frequent and partly hostile contact with their Virginia Algonquian neighbors. Their traditional hostilities with the Iroquoian Tuscarora continued during that tribe's war with the whites, when they were actively engaged in expeditions against the hostiles. The Machapungas and other tribes of Pamlico Sound, however, changed their alliances: before 1700 they were still at war with the Tuscarora and Coree, but in 1711 they sided with them against the English. The Hatteras, Weapemeoc, Paspatank, and Poteskeit Indians were at that time the most acculturated groups; they remained on the side of the English. Except for the Tuscarora War, there was little open fighting between the Algonquian and English colonists. They had suffered more from epidemics of infectious diseases. Due to small numbers, trade was of little importance. Sale of strong liquors to the Indians was probably the greatest problem created by white traders around 1700. Alcohol was banned from Indian towns in 1703, but the prohibition was never strictly enforced. Little was done for Indian education, even though native languages were being replaced by English during the eighteenth century. A small number of Indians were baptized as Christians by Anglican ministers throughout the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Tribe members starting adopting English names (sometimes as second names to be used occasionally) shortly after 1700. Indian medicine men earned money by treating white settlers as well as their own people. Some settlers in NC bought Indians as slaves, and others transported them to northern markets. The extent of Indian servitude and slavery are not accurately known. Culture[edit] The town of Pomeiock The Pamlico created distinctive dugout canoes, and traveled extensively. Pamlico artifacts have been found as far away as the North Atlantic. They ate corn, fish, and other agricultural vegetables and fruits. Besides hunting and agriculture, the coastal groups still relied much on fishing and shellfish gathering, drying the products for preservation on reed hurdles over an open fire or in the sun. Sturgeon was not used as a food by the Indians along the coast. Cattle raising is documented for the Paspatanks around 1700 (Lawson 1709). The Tuscarora War disturbed the economic balance of many of the Algonquian groups: the fields of the Machapunga and their allies were destroyed by the English. The Hatteras were prevented from planting by their enemies, and in 1714-1715 needed supplies from the colonial authorities to survive. Political organization with hereditary chiefdoms was still functioning around 1700. Chiefs' corpses were buried in the temples as before. Commoners could purchase the right of burial in the temple precinct with enough money. Shell beads (wampum) served as money, for example, to compensate victims of crimes. Ceremonies[edit] Marriage restrictions that prohibited marrying first cousins made it difficult to find mates within rapidly shrinking communities. Resulting marriages into other tribes certainly strengthened intertribal bonds. The huskenaw rite appears to have been used as an initiation for both boys and girls. It was held around Christmas and lasted for five or six weeks, during which the adolescents were separated in a special building outside the village. There were some colonial reports that two of 50 families among the Machapungas practiced male circumcision, but this was not typical of the Native Americans. See also[edit] Distribution of Carolina Algonquian speaking peoples Algonquian languages Algonquian peoples Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamlico. Pamlico County, NC Roanoke tribe Algonquian languages From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Algonquian Algonkian Geographic distribution: North America Linguistic classification: Algic Algonquian Proto-language: Proto-Algonquian Subdivisions: Plains Algonquian Central Algonquian Eastern Algonquian ISO 639-2 / 5: alg Glottolog: algo1256[1] {{{mapalt}}} Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages The Algonquian languages (/æl'g??kwi?n/ or /æl'g??ki?n/;[2] also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the indigenous Ojibwe language (Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term "Algonquin" has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word elakómkwik (pronounced [?læ'gomogwik]), "they are our relatives/allies".[3][4] A number of Algonquian languages, like many of the Iroquoian languages of the hereditary enemies of the Algonquian peoples, have already become extinct. Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America to the Rocky Mountains. The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago.[5] There is no scholarly consensus as to the territory where this language was spoken. Contents [hide] 1 Family division 1.1 Subgroups 2 Grammatical features 3 Vocabulary 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Family division[edit] Main articles: Plains Algonquian languages, Central Algonquian languages and Eastern Algonquian languages This subfamily of around 30 languages is divided into three groups according to geography: Plains, Central, and Eastern Algonquian. Only Eastern Algonquian constitutes a true genetic subgroup.[6] The languages are listed below, following the classifications of Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). Extinct languages are marked with †, and endangered languages are noted as such. For dialects and subdialects, consult the separate main articles for each of the three divisions. Plains 1. Blackfoot Arapahoan (including Nawathinehena (†), and Besawunena (†)) 2. Arapaho proper 3. Gros Ventre (†) 4. Cheyenne (Šahíyena) Central 5. Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi 6. Menominee (severely endangered) Ojibwe–Potawatomi 7. Ojibwe (Ocipwe?) 8. Potawatomi (nearly extinct) 9. Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo (severely endangered) 10. Shawnee (Ša?wano?ki) (severely endangered) 11. Miami–Illinois (†) Eastern 12. Mi'kmaq Abenaki 13. Western Abenaki (nearly extinct) 14. Eastern Abenaki (†) 15. Malecite–Passamaquoddy 16. Massachusett 17. Narragansett (†) 18. Mohegan–Pequttôog (†) 19. Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog (†) 20. Mahican (†) Delawarean 21. Munsee (nearly extinct) 22. Unami (†) 23. Nanticoke–Piscataway (†) 24. Carolina Algonquian (†) 25. Powhatan (†) 26. Etchemin (†) (uncertain - See Eastern Algonquian languages) 27. Loup A (†) (probably Nipmuck (†), uncertain - See Eastern Algonquian languages) 28. Loup B (†) (uncertain - See Eastern Algonquian languages) 29. Shinnecock (†) (uncertain) Subgroups[edit] Eastern Algonquian is a true genetic subgrouping. The Plains Algonquian and the Central Algonquian groups are not genetic groupings but rather areal groupings. However, these areal groups often do share linguistic features, but the sharing is attributed to language contact.[7] Paul Proulx has argued that this traditional view is incorrect,[8][page needed] and that Central Algonquian (in which he includes the Plains Algonquian languages) is a genetic subgroup, with Eastern Algonquian consisting of several different subgroups. However, this classification scheme has failed to gain acceptance from other specialists in the Algonquian languages.[9] Instead, the commonly accepted subgrouping scheme is that proposed by Ives Goddard (1994). The essence of this proposal is that Proto-Algonquian originated with people to the west, perhaps in the Plateau region of Idaho and Oregon or the Rocky Mountain-Great Plains boundary of Montana, and then moved east, dropping off subgroups as people migrated. By this scenario, Blackfoot was the first language to branch off, which coincides well with its being the most divergent language of Algonquian. In west-to-east order, the subsequent branchings were: Arapaho-Gros Ventre, Cree-Montagnais, Menominee, and Cheyenne; then the core Great Lakes languages: (Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami–Illinois); and finally, Proto-Eastern Algonquian. This historical reconstruction accords best with the observed levels of divergence within the family, whereby the most divergent languages are found furthest west (since they constitute the earliest branchings during eastern migration), and the shallowest subgroupings are found furthest to the east (Eastern Algonquian, and arguably Core Central). Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho-Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.[10] It has been suggested that the 'Eastern Great Lakes' languages—what Goddard has called 'Core Central', e.g., Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami-Illinois (but not Cree–Montagnais or Menominee), may also constitute their own genetic grouping within Algonquian. They share certain intriguing lexical and phonological innovations. But, this theory has not yet been fully fleshed out and is still considered conjectural. Algonquian is sometimes said to have included the extinct Beothuk language of Newfoundland, whose speakers were both in geographic proximity to Algonquian speakers and who share DNA in common with the Algonquian-speaking Mi'kmaq.[11][12] Linguistic evidence is scarce and poorly recorded however, and it is unlikely that reliable evidence of a connection can be found.[13] Grammatical features[edit] The Algonquian language family is known for its complex polysynthetic morphology and sophisticated verb system.[14] Statements that take many words to say in English can be expressed with a single word. Ex: (Menominee) paehtawaewesew "He is heard by higher powers" (paeht- 'hear', -awae- 'spirit', -wese- passivizer, -w third-person subject) or (Plains Cree) kastahikoyahk "it frightens us". These languages have been extensively studied by Leonard Bloomfield, Ives Goddard, and others. Algonquian nouns have an animate/inanimate contrast: some nouns are classed as animate, while all other nouns are inanimate.[14] There is ongoing debate over whether there is a semantic significance to the categorization of nouns as animate or inanimate, with scholars arguing for it as either a clearly semantic issue, or a purely syntactic issue, along with a variety of arguments in between. More structurally inclined linguistic scholars have argued that since there is no consistent semantic system for determining the animacy of a noun, that it must be a purely linguistic characterization. Anthropological linguists have conversely argued the strong connection between animacy and items viewed as having spiritual importance. Another important distinction involves the contrast between nouns marked as proximate and those marked as obviative. Proximate nouns are those deemed most central or important to the discourse, while obviative nouns are those less important to the discourse.[15] There are personal pronouns which distinguish three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), inclusive and exclusive first person plural, and proximate and obviative third persons. Verbs are divided into four classes: transitive verbs with an animate object (abbreviated "TA"), transitive verbs with an inanimate object ("TI"), intransitive verbs with an animate subject ("AI"), and intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject ("II").[15] Vocabulary[edit] See the lists of words in the Algonquian languages and the list of words of Algonquian origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project. Loan words Main article: List of English words of Algonquian origin Because Algonquian languages were some of the first which Europeans came into contact in North America, the language family has given many words to English. Many eastern and midwestern U.S. states have names of Algonquian origin (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, etc.), as do many cities: Milwaukee, Chicago, et al. Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is named after an Algonquian nation, the Odawa people. For a more detailed treatment of geographical names in three Algonquian languages see the external link to the book by Trumbull. See also[edit] The word woman in the different Algonquian languages Algic languages (from Proto-Algic) Algonquian Bible Algonquian peoples Algonquin language - a similarly-named language which is a member of the Algonquian language family Central Algonquian languages Eastern Algonquian languages Plains Algonquian languages Indigenous languages of the Americas Leonard Bloomfield Ives Goddard H.C. Wolfart References[edit] Jump up ^ Notater for KAI ARNT JAKOBSEN: Adoptert av Karl Fredrik Jakobsen. Barn av NELLIE WHITTED and KAI JAKOBSEN er: 44. i. SONJA17 JAKOBSEN b 29.05.1965, Larvik,Vestfold. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 14
44. SONJA17 JAKOBSEN (NELLIE IRENE16 WHITTED, LEELAND15, JULIA14 WILSON, CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 29.05.1965 Larvik,Vestfold m (1) ROGER NILSEN. Han b 1972 m (2) JAN ROGER DYBWAD 28.05.1990 Larvik.. Han b 20.05.1964 Gravdal, Lofoten,Nordland. Barn av SONJA JAKOBSEN and JAN DYBWAD er: i. CECILIE18 DYBWAD b 17.08.1985, Larvik,Vestfold. Notater for CECILIE DYBWAD: Konfirmert den 07.05.2000 Tanum kirke, Brunlanes. ii. PATRICK DYBWAD b 09.12.1988, Larvik,Vestfold. 45. iii. CAROLINE DYBWAD b 28.06.1991, Larvik,Vestfold. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| to be integrated above 15
45. CAROLINE18 DYBWAD (SONJA17 JAKOBSEN, NELLIE IRENE16 WHITTED, LEELAND15, JULIA14 WILSON, CATHARINE13 DICKENS, JOHN12, CHARITY11 UTLEY, ALLEN10, WILLIAM9, WILLIAM8, JAMES7, SAMUEL6, SAMUEL5, RICHARD4, b 28.06.1991 Larvik,Vestfold m WILLIAM EJDERSTEDT. Han b 27.07.1993. Barn av CAROLINE DYBWAD and WILLIAM EJDERSTEDT er: i. ERLE19 EJDERSTEDT b 15.08.2021, Oslo Norway. |
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| Ut10-3-2-3 | ASA UTLEY b 12.06.1771, Ashford, Windham County, CTd. 08.08.1837, Landgrove, Bennington Co VT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut10-3-3 | BRIEDGET UTLEY b 03.11.1733, Ashford, Windham County, CT d. 26.08.1759, Ashford, Windham County, CT
m AARON TUFFTS, 18.12.1754; b 26.07.1726, Medford, Middlesex County MA d. 22.07.1809, Ashford, Windham Co CT |
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| Ut10-3-4 | AMOS UTLEY b 05.11.1735, Windham, Windham County, CT d. 19.10.1793, Hampton, Windham County, CT
m GRACE MARTIN b 06.03.1738, Windham, Windham Co CT d. 12.08.1775, Hampton, Windham Co CT |
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| Ut10-4 | SAMUEL UTLEY b 24.09.1695, Stonington, New London County, CT d. 20.05.1756, Scituate, Plymouth County MA
m ANNA MCGALLIARD; b 24.06.1694, Plainfield, Windham County, CT d. 03.11.1769, Windsor, Hartford Co CT |
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| Ut10-5 | SARAH UTLEY b 15.09.1697 Stonington, New London, CT d. 22.07.1774, Hampton, Windham, CT
m 16.09.1716 JOSEPH ROSS b 13.03.1682 Ipswich, Essex, MA d 29.06.1743 Windham, CT son of JOHN ROSS og MARY BARRETT |
-1JEREMIAH ROSS b 26.07.1721 Windham County, CT d. 08.02.1777, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne County, PA
m ANNA PAINE b 11.02.1720, Scotland Windham Co Connecticut Usa; d. 22.03.1813, Windham Co CT early member of the Susquehanna Company of Hartford, CT and is named as a grantee in the Indian Deed of July 11, 1754. On October 31, 1744, he married Anna Payne (some records show her as "Ann Paine.") She was born about 1723 in Windham, Connecticut and died March 22, 1813. |
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| Ut10-6 | MARY UTLEY b 16.11.1698, Stonington, New London, CT
m JOSEPH ALLEN. |
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| Ut10-7 | JEREMIAH UTLEY b 20.05.1701, Stonington, New London County, CT d. 1767, Windham, Windham County, CT
m MARY FRINK; b 19.04.1705, Stonington, New London County, CT d. 1780, Windham, Windham Co CT |
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| Ut12-2 | MARY UTLEY b 1622; d. 1629. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut12-3 | JOHN UTLEY b 1627; d. 1662. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut12-4 | LASS WADSWORTH UTLEY b 1630; d. 1630. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-2 | MICHAEL UTLEY b 1574, Yorkshire
m 23.10.1599 Heptonstall West Yorkshire MARGARET GRENWOOD b 1578 |
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| Ut13-2-1 | JOHN UTLEY b 1598 Heptonstall, Yorkshire d by 04.11.1652, Langfield Yorkshire
m 20.08.1616, St Thomas Becket Heptonstall Yorkshire MARY WIGGAN, b 1602 Langfield Yorkshire d 31.10.1644 Langfield, Yorkshire |
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| Ut13-3 | JOHN UTLEY b 1577 d 1619 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-4 | 6. iv. CHRISTABEL UTLEY b 1578 Worsthorne Lancashire d 1643 Heptonstall West Yorkshire
m RICHARD WADSWORTH b 01.11.1572 i Warley Yorkshire son of HENRY WADSWORTH and MARGARET FERRER |
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| Ut13-4-1 | Christopher Wadsworth b 01.12.1609 Heptonstall Yorkshire d 31.07.1677 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA
m Grace Cole b 1607 England d 13.06.1688 i Duxbury Plymouth Co MA |
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| Ut13-4-1-1 | SAMUEL WADSWORTH b 1630, Duxbury MA k 18.04.1676, Sudbury Middlesex MA by Indians
m Abagail Lindall b 03.05.1642 Salem Essex MA de 1687 Milton Suffolk MA | -1 EBENEZER WADSWORTH b 03.1659, Dorcester Suffolk Co MA d. 31.03.1717, Milton Norfolk Co MA m MARY LEE bt 1660 Milton Norfolk Co MA d 08.03.1736 Milton Norfolk Co MA | -1-1 GEORGE WADSWORTH b 16.03.1699, Milton Norfolk Co MA d. 02.1778, Stoughton Norfolk Co MA m SARAH PITCHER b 01.11.1693, Milton Norfolk Co MA d. 05.04.1768, Stoughton Norfolk Co MA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-4-1-2 | JOSEPH WADSWORTH b 1636, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d aft 1689 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m ABIGAIL WAIT b 1637, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA |
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| Ut13-4-1-3 | MARY WADSWORTH b 1637, Duxbur MA d. 1693, Taunton MA
m HENERY ANDREWS b 1630 Taunton Bristol Co MA 23.05.1676 Taunton Bristol Co MA son of | +1 HENRY ANDREWS b c 1605 and Mary Poole b 1610 Somerset England d Mar 1655 in Taunton, Bristol, MA | +2 Henry Andrewsb 1582 Somerset d 1638 Ashill Somerset | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-4-1-3 | MARY ANDREWS b c 1665 Taunton Bristol Co MA d. 1737, Middleboro Plymouth Co MA m LT. JOSEPH RICHMOND Han ble født 08.12.1663 Taunton Bristol Co MA d 08.12.1735 Taunton Bristol Co MA son of JOHN RICHMOND and ABIGAIL ROGER | -1 MARY RICHMOND b 1699 Middleboro Plymouth Co MA d 25.12.1784 Taunton, Bristol, MA m1 STEPHEN ANDREWSb 06.11.1738 i Taunton, Bristol, son of STEPHEN ANDREWS og BETHIAH STETSON m2 08.06.1721 i Taunton, Bristol MA WILLIAM READ b c 1675 Weymouth Norfolk Co MA d 1734 Taunton Bristol Co MA son of JOHN REED og BETHIAH FRYE | -1-1 JOHN REED b 1722 Bristol Co MA d 12.1788 Bristol Co MA m DOROTHY PINNEO b 06.12.1725 i Bristol Co MA 04.05.1770 i Bristol Co MA dau of JAMES PINNEO and DOROTHY BADCOCK
-1-2 WILLIAM REED -1-3 MARY REED -1-4 ABIGAIL REED d 1734 | -1-1-1 LOIS REED b 20.11.1749, Taunton Bristol Co MA d. 16.11.1830, Grafton Grafton Co NH m DANIEL DRAKE b 21.12.1734 Taunton Bristol Co MA d 27.03.1810 Grafton Grafton Co NH son of DANIEL DRAKE and BETHIAH COBB | -1-1-1-1 JAMES COBB DRAKE b 17.09.1782 Taunton Bristol Co MA d 17.08.1826 Grafton Grafton Co NH m ABIGAIL BULLOCK b 25.10.1777 Grafton Grafton Co NH d 01.05.1859 Bridgewater Plymouth Co MA dau of HEZEKIAH BULLOCK and ABIGAIL ALDRICH | -1-1-1-1-1 JAMES COBB DRAKE b 14.01.1809 Grafton Grafton Co NH d 16.04.1865 Bridgewater Plymoth Co MA m LYDIA THAYER PACKARD b 21.04.1815 Bridgewater Plymoth Co MA29.03.1885 Bridgewater Plymoth Co MA | -1-1-1-1-1-1 AUGUSTA LUCRETIA DRAKE b 28.08.1838, Bridgewater Plymouth Co MA d. 11.05.1906, Bridgewater Plymouth Co MA m HARRISON L HIGGINS b 1837 Clinton Kennebec Co ME d 14.12.1910 Taunton Bristol Co MA son of SAMUEL HIGGINS and SARAH BERRY | -1-1-1-1-1-1-1 LILLIAN AUGUSTA HIGGINS b 19.09.1860 North Bridgewater Plymouth Co MA m WALLACE W ALLEN b 1851 ME and had EDWARD LEROY ALLEN b 1878 ME m ELIZABETH M YOUN b 1880 ME dau of SAMUEL YOUNG and LUCRETIA ROBBINS and had FLORENCE EVELYN ALLEN b 20.11.1903 ME m HAROLD LINWOOD ROES b 12.05.1902 Littlefield ME 01.10.1954 Norway Oxford Co ME son of CHARLES ROES and IRMA MORRILL and had HAROLD LINWOOD ROES b 27.03.1933 Norway Oxford Co ME d 05.10.1986 Newcomerstown Tuscarawas Co OH m ELEANORE RITA POIRIER b 04.03.1929 NH d. 20.03.2011, Newcomerstown Tuscarawas Co H | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-4-1-4 | DEACON JOHN WADSWORTH b 1638, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 15.05.1700, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m ABIGAIL ANDREWS b Hingham Plymouth Co MA d 24.11.1723 i Duxbury Plymouth Co MA dau of JOSEPH ANDREWS and ELIZABETH | -1 MARY WADSWORTH b 18.12.1668, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 09.05.1741, Pembroke Plymouth Co MA m AARON SOULE b 1664, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 25.03.1752, Pembroke Plymouth Co MA
-2 HANNAH WADSWORTH b 1670, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d aft 07.02.1732 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m BENJAMIN PETERSON b 09.1669, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 11.02.1760, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA -3 LYDIA WADSWORTH b c 13.02.1678 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 26.05.1756, Plymouth Co MA m JONATHAN PETERSON b 1674, Plymouth Co MA d aft 20.02.1744 Pembroke Plymouth Co MA -4 GRACE WADSWORTH b 1680, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 1757, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m WILLIAM SPRAGUE bt 1658 i Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d 25.11.1712 son of JOHN SPRAGUE and RUTH BASSETT -5 JOHN WADSWORTH b mel. 12.03.1670 - 1671, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 23.05.1750, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m MARY WISWALL b 04.10.1670, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d. 12.11.1716, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA |
-4-1 ZERUIAH SPRAGUE b 10.12.1704, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d 10.10.1778 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA m NATHANIEL CHANDLER b 1702 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d 1741 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA son of y Chandler -4-2 RUTH SPRAGUE b 22.02.1702, Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d 18.04.1734 m SAMUEL KEENE b 1694 Duxbury Plymouth Co MA d 18.05.1777 Plymouth Plymouth Co MA |
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| Ut13-4-2+ | -2 HENRY WADSWORTH b 12.09.1599 d. 06.03.1600
-3 WILLIAM WADSWORTH b 1603. -4 GRACE WADSWORTH b 1606. -5 ANN WADSWORTH b 1610. -6 THOMAS WADSWORTH b 1612. -7 EDMONDE WADSWORTH b 1615. -8 MARY WADSWORTH b 1617. -9 SAMUEL WADSWORTH b 1620 |
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| Ut13-5 | RICHARD UTLEY b 1580
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| Ut13-6 | SUSAN UTLEY b 1585 d 1624. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut13-7 | MARTHA UTLEY b 1587 Langfield, Yorkshire d 1530, Heptonstall West Yorkshire
m LUKE CLEGG b 1585, Yorkshire d by 05.05.1643 Langfield, Yorkshire |
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| Ut12 |
William Utley b 1606 Christchurch, Dorset d 1661 London, Greater London continued from above
m Mary MILLS b 1597 Hampshire, England, d 22.08.1639 London, Greater London |
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| Ut11 | SAMUEL UTLEY b 03.06.1622, Thorne, South Yorkshire d. 03.06.1662, Scituate, Plymouth Co MA Bay Colony
m HANNAH HATCH b 1638 Barnstable Barnstable Co MA d 1662 Scituate, Plymouth Co MA dau of | +1 THOMAS HATCH b 14.10.1598 Biddenden, Kent d 14.06.1646 Scituate Cape Cod MA
m LYDIA GYLES b 20.07.1600 Tenterden, Ashford, Kent d 08.04.1664 i of Scituate, Plymouth, MA |
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| Ut10 | SAMUEL UTLEY b 1662
m Syrah Ashby b 15.12.1672 Bradford, Essex, MA, d 19.04.1740 Stonington New London Co CT dau of | +1 ANTHONY ASHBY
m ABIGAIL HUTCHINSON |
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| Ut9 | Capt JAMES UTLEY b 24.09.1695 Stonington, New London Co CT d 17.05.1756, Windham, Windham Co CT
m RUTH ANNAH KIPLIN b 1794 Stonington, New London Co CT. |
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| Ut8 | CAPT. WILLIAM UTLEY b 05.02.1724, Windham, Windham Co CT d. 17.03.1790, Raleigh, Wake Co NC
m 1745 SARAH PEOBODY b 05.06.1725 Boxford MA d 1817 Landgrove, VT dau of | +1 RICHARD PEABODY and RUTH KIMBALL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 03.01.1750, Raleigh, Wake Co., NC d. 06.08.1808, Harnett, Cumberland Co NC
m 10.06.1767 Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC DORCAS UTLEY b 07.07.1751 Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC d 16.10.1813 Harnett, Cumberland Co NC |
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| Ut7-1-1 | ALLEN UTLEY b 02.12.1768, Johnston, NC, Usa; d. 05.06.1857, Harnett, NC, Usa.
m1 CATHERINE ALLEN YARBOROUGH b 1770 Cumberland, NC d 23.12.1815 Wake Co NC + 9 ch dau of JOHN YARBROUGH and ELIZABETH HUDSON m2 VIRGNIA WINNINGHAM. Hun b 1775 NC m3 SARAH HUTCHINS b 1775 NC |
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| Ut7-1-1-1 | Charity Utley b 1805 Chatham NC d 1873 Greenbrier Faulkner AZ
m1 DUDLY HARRINGTON + 1 ch m2 18.01.1827 Chatham NC JOSEPH DICKENS b 1808 Chatham NC d 25.08.1875 Greenbrier, Faulkner, AR son of THOMAS DICKENS and MARY STEPHENS | -1 JOHN DICKENS b 05.01.1838, Franklin Co NC d 14.02.1916, Louisburg Franklin NC m FEREBEE A ALFORD b 1834 Franklin Co NC dau of Daniel William Alford b 1811 and FERABAH JOHNSON
-2 THOMAS CHARLES DICKENS b 1828 Chatham NC d. 18.02.1864, Faulkner, AR m MARTHA JANE ROBERTS b 1826 VA d 1865 East Fork, Faulkner, AR -3 SARAH DICKENS b 1833 Chatham, NC d 1896 Greenbrier Faulkner, AR -4 MILLIE MANASSA DICKENS b 1836, Chatham NC d 1868. -5 JOHN J DICKENS b 06.01.1838, Chatham, NC d 02.10.1908 Greenbrier Faulkner AR -6 ANDREW JACKSON DICKENS b 09.10.1841, Gibson, Gibson, N d 18.07.1909 Greenbrier Twp Independence AR -7 ELIZABETH M DICKENS b 1843 Gibson TN d 21.10.1863 Greenbrier Faulkner AR -8 JOSEPH A DICKENS b 10.1847 Gibson TN d 24.03.1905 Greenbrier Faulkner AR -9 GEORGE E DICKENS b 1855 Gibson TN d. 1883. | -1-1 MATILDA S DICKENS b Louisburg NC d 07.03.1924 Kittrell Franklington NC m THOMAS H BLACKNALL 20.11.1888 Franklin NC b 20.04.1900 Warren Co NC d 23.10.1930 Wake Co NC
-1-2 CATHARINE DICKENS b 16.06.1858 Maggart Smith TN d 16.07.1918 Smith TN m1 JAMES HENRY WILSON b 1855 Louisburg, Franklin Co NC son of GEORGE WILSON and DORCAS ANDERSON m2 HANDY C HILL b 01.02.1878 Franklin Co NC son of DANIEL HILL and LINDY BLAND m3 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS WHITE 02.07.1865 Hickman, Smith, TN b 03.10.1843 Jonesboro, Smith, TN d 29.01.1925 Smith, TN son of HIRAM WHITE and CAROLINE SADDLER -1-3 PATIENCE DICKENS b 1855, NC -1-4 ALLEN DICKENS b 1857 Hillsboro NC -1-5 JESSEE DICKENS b 1861 NC -1-6 CHARLES W DICKENS b 16.08.1861 -1-7 DUDLEY DICKENS b 1862 Hillsboro, NC m ROSA ALFORD b 1870. -1-8 FRANCIS DICKENS b 1867 Louisburg NC -1-9 JACOB DICKENS b 1869 Louisburg NC -1-10 EMILY Rebecca DICKENS b 1872 Louisburg NC m11.7.1900 Norfolk City VA Charlie Flythe b 1875 Northampton Co NC -1-11 JOHN DICKENS b 1877 NC -1-12 JONAS DICKENS b 1877. -2-1 ALICE G DICKENS b 1855 Gibson TN d 1894 Cherry Valley Cross AR m SPEED C CURTNER b 01.1853 Poinsett, AR d 19.07.1939 Cherry Valley Cross AR son of WILLIAM CURTNER and SUSANA | -1-1-1 CHARLES CHRISTOPHER BLACKNALL b 04.12.1830, Granville Co NC d. 06.11.1864, Wake Co NC m 16.10.1851 VIRGINIA BASKERVILLE b 27.07.1830 Granville Co NC d 29.11.1902
-1-1-2 MATHEW A BLACKNALL b 1900 d 29.06.1989 Chapel Hill Orange NC m MARY FRANCES BURRELL. -1-2-1 LONNIE WILSON b 1875, NC -1-2-2 LIZZIE WILSON b 1876, NC -1-2-3 JANET WILSON b 1880, NC -1-2-4 THOMAS WILSON b 1882, NC -1-2-5 BESSIE E WILSON b 1885, NC -1-2-6 EFFIE E WILSON b 1887, NC -1-2-7 NORFLED W WILSON b 07.1887, NC -1-2-8 BIRTER T WILSON b 1892, NC -1-2-9 FREDRICK C WILSON b 1894, NC -1-2-10 JULIA WILSON b 15.08.1895, Hillsboro Orange Co NC d. 09.07.1922, Hopkinsville, Christian, KY m1 17.11.1917 Hillsboro Twp Orange, NC JACOB S LONG b 1866 Stanly Co NC son of WILLIAM LONG and MARY UNDERWOOD m2 SIMUEL J WHITTED b 12.1894 Orange CO NC d 11.05.1925 Hillsboro, Orange, NC son of SAMUEL WHITTED and FRANCES MOORE -1-2-11 TUNSTALL HILL -1-2-12 WILLIAM CLARK WHITE b 24.09.1880 Elmwood Smith TN d. 18.01.1960 Nashville Davidson TN m FRANCES WOODWARD b 29.01.1885 Hickman, Smith, TN d 10.05.1960 Nashville, Davidson TN -1-2-13 NIDA ELLA WHITE b 25.07.1868, Elmwood, Smith, Tennessee, USA; d. by 1920, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-14 SAMUEL PEYTON WHITE b 06.04.1871, Elmwood, Smith, TN d. 25.07.1899, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-15 CHARITY ELIZABETH WHITE b 01.09.1876, Elmwood, Smith, TN d. 06.12.1899, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-16 LAURA WHITE b 31.07.1878, Elmwood, Smith, TN d. 24.07.1901, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-17 FERNANDO WHITE b 05.11.1885, Elmwood, Smith, N d. 14.04.1974, Carthage, Smith, N -2-1-1 ABNER BYRON CURTNER b 20.12.1876, AR d. 16.12.1923, Bapt. Hosp Memphis Shelby, TN m OLLIE BELLE DUKE Hun b 01.10.1884 AR d 30.11.1947 Wynne AR dau of NATHANIEL DUKE and MATILDA SHANNON | -1-1-1-1 WILLIAM HENRY BLACKNALL b 04.12.1854, Granville Co NC d. 30.04.1924, Wake Co NC m1 ESTHER M PERSON Hun b 09.04.1861, d 13.04.1889 NC dau of JOE PERSON and ALICE MORGAN m2 29.04.1896 Halifax Co NC MARGARET HALLIDAY LITCHFORD OUSBY b 09.04.1873 Halifax County NC d 17.09.1943 Wake Co NC + 2 ch dau of JAMES OUSBY and ELIZABETH LOWE
-1-2-10-1 THEODORE IRVING12 LONG b 1889, Alamance NC; d. 06.10.1948 m LILLY BEATRICE COOPER Hun b 11.1882 Washington, Beaufort, NCdau of ISAAC COOPER and JANE SMITH -1-2-10-2 LEELAND WHITTED b 11.05.1915, Fayetteville NC d. 07.12.1994, Suffolk, NY b 03.01.1920 Frankental 17. Larvik., d 10.06.1983 Buggesgt. 20, Larvik Vestfold Norway -1-2-10-3 EUNICE WHITTED b 14.07.1917, Fayetteville NC d. 19.06.1983, Boston MA -1-2-12-1 FLOSSIE MAI WHITE b 20.04.1915, TN d. 27.06.1978 m WILLIE TAMER WHITEHEAD, 06.05.1933, Hickman, Smith, TN b 12.03.1915, TN d. 12.02.1968, Nashville, Davidson, TN -1-2-12-2 LOUISE WHITE b 06.08.1918, Elmwood, Smith, TN d. 18.05.2004, Nashville, Davidson TN m WILLIAM THOMAS MANIER, 26.12.1937, Hickman, Smith, TN b 10.11.1917, Putnam, TN d. 05.02.2008, Hartsville, Trousdale, TN -1-2-12-3 FRANCES WHITE b 1920, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-12-4 MAGGIE WHITE b 1922, Elmwood, Smith, TN -1-2-12-5 ALBERT WHITE b 1924, Elmwood, Smith, TN -2-1-1-1 DICIE MUSETTE CURTNER b 06.07.1917, Crawfordsville Crittenden Co AR d. 19.05.2007, Searcy White C AR m HAL STACY MISNER b 24.12.1905, Cherry Valley Cross Co AR d. 07.05.1938, Cherry Valley Cross County AR | -1-1-1-1-1 THOMAS HENRY BLACKNALL b 20.04.1900, Warren County Wake County; d. 23.10.1930, Wake County NC
-1-1-1-1-2 26. ii. MARGARET OUSBY BLACKNALL b 17.03.1912, Wake County NC d. 25.08.1971, Wake County NC -1-2-10-1-1 KATHERINE LAURINE13 LONG b 28.09.1948, Nash Co NC d. 06.10.1948, Rocky Mount, Nash, NC -1-2-10-1-2 LONG b 01.06.1944, Beaufort NC -1-2-10-1-3 DAVETTA LAWRINA LONG b 28.09.1948, Nash, NC -1-2-10-2-1 Nellie Irene Whitted /td> | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-2 | LUCINDA UTLEY b 1802 Cumberland, NC
m JOHN WILEY SEXTON. | -1 EMILY SEXTON b 07.04.1833 d 03.02.1910 m JAMES ANDERSON BAKER b 1829 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-3 | MARGARET ELIZABETH UTLEY b 1797, Orange, NC, Usa; d. 1819, Wake, NC, Usa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-6 | TEMPERANCE ANN UTLEY b 1798, Wake Co NC d. 26.04.1876, Cumberland, NC
m WILLIAM BETTS b 1799 Isle of Wight Co VA d 1843 Harnett Co NC | -1 ALLEN9 BETTS b 1827, NC d. 23.02.1897.
-2 ALEXANDER DAVIS BETTS b 25.08.1832, Cumberland, NC d. 18.12.1918, Greensboro Guilford Co NC m MARY ELIZABETH DAVIS b 13.05.1837, Orange Co, NC d. 05.09.1879, Guilford Co NC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-7 | DORCAS UTLEY b 1790, Cumberland, NC, Usa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-8 | ELIZABETH R UTLEY b 1810, Chatham, NC, Usa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-1-9 | SOPHIA UTLEY b 1815. | -1-1 NELLIE IRENE WHITTED b 28.05.1949, F&uulm;rth, Bavaria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-2 | SARAH UTLEY b 1771, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-3 | JOYCE UTLEY b 1774, Cumberland, Cumberland Co., NC d. 1855, Todd Co KY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-4 | JACOB UTLEY b 15.04.1777, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC d. 21.10.1854, Weir, Muhlenberg Co KY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-5 | WILLIAM UTLEY b 1799, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC d. 1830, Cumberland, Cumberland Co NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-6 | FEREBY UTLEY b 1780 Cumberland Cumberland Co NC d 1820, TN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-1-9 | JOHN UTLEY b 1794, Wake Co NC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ut7-2 | PEABODY UTLEY b 31.01.1769, Ashford, Windham Co CT d. 1820, Richmond, Ontario Co NY
m SERAPHINA HILDRETH b 13.03.1771 Amherst, Hillsborough Co NH d 17.10.1846 Plymouth, Wayne Co MiI | -1 WILLIAM H UTLEY b 19.04.1797 Landgrove, Bennington Co VT, d 17.12.1870 DeWitt, Clinton Co MI m MAHALA WILEY b 22.09.1798 Landgrove, Bennington Co VT, d 30.08.1878 DeWitt, Clinton Co MI | -1-1 FRANCIS JANE8 UTLEY b 30.04.1830, Plymouth, Wayne Co MI d. 10.10.1898, White Cloud, Newaygo Co MI m JAMES MONROE GIBBS; f. 10.10.1825, roy, Oakland Co Michigan, Usa; d. 18.07.1907, White Cloud, Newaygo Co Michigan, Usa.
-1-2 LORENA UTLEY b 11.11.1818, VT d. 12.11.1889, Adrian, Lenawee Co MI m ALEXANDER POPE STEBBINS b 1811 d 1895. |
-1-2-1 HARRIET STEBBINS b 30.08.1836, MI d. 01.04.1865, Lenawee Co MI m DR CUTTING BAGLEY WILEY. -1-2-3 STRAPHINA M STEBBINS b 11.1837, Lenawee Co MI d. 06.04.1841, Lenawee Co MI -1-2-4 CAROLINE M STEBBINS b 09.09.1838, Adrian, Lenawee Co MI d. 22.03.1923, Tecumseh, Lenawee Co MI m WILLIAM B SMITH b 06.08.1839 Lenawee Co Michigan, Usa; d. 22.02.1921, Lenawee Co Michigan, Usa. -1-2-5 DELIA W STEBBINS b 23.10.1840; d. 06.07.1887, ayette, Fulton Co OH m AUSTIN KEYS FORD b 22.04.1836, Cummington, Hampshire Co MA d. 07.04.1913, Fulton Co Ohio, Usa. -1-2-6 MARILLA LORENA STEBBINS b 21.07.1842 Adrian Lenawee Co MI d 17.04.1906 Dunlap Harrison Co IO -1-2-7 EMMA JANE STEBBINS b 27.12.1846. -1-2-8 LILLIAN L STEBBINS b 1855 d 1929 Adrian Lenawee Co MI m JAMES IRVING FULLER b 1853 d 1932 Adrian Lenawee Co MI |
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| Ut7-3 | ASA UTLEY b 12.06.1771, Ashford, Windham Co CT d. 08.08.1837, Landgrove, Bennington Co VT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||