Robert E. Lee

^{Disappointed by McClellan's failure to destroy Lee's army, Lincoln named Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside ordered an attack across the Rappahannock River at Fredericks= burg. Delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed Lee's army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on December 12, 1862, was a disaster for the Union. Lincoln then named Joseph Hooker commander of the Army of the Potomac. Hooker's advance to attack Lee in May, 1863, near Chancell= orsville, Virginia, was defeated by Lee and Stonewall Jackson's daring plan to divide the army and attack Hooker's flank. It was a victory over a larger force, but it also came with a great cost; Jackson, one of Lee's best subordinates, was accidentally wounded by his own troops, and soon after died of pneumonia.}

^{Battle of Gettysburg}

^{In the summer of 1863, Lee invaded the North again, hoping for a Southern victory that would shatter Northern morale. A young Pennsylvanian woman who watched from her porch as General Lee passed by remarked, "I wish he were ours." He encountered Union forces under George G. Meade at the three-day Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in July; the battle would produce the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Some of his subordinates were new and inexperienced in their commands, J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was out of the area, slightly ill, and thus Lee was less than comfortable with how events were unfolding. While the first day of battle was controlled by the Confederates, key terrain which should have been taken by General Ewell was not. The Second day ended with the Confederates unable to break the Union position, and the Union more solidified. Lee's decision on the third day, against the sound judgement of his best corps commander General Longstreet, to launch a massive frontal assault on the center of the Union line was disastrous. The assault known as Pickett's Charge=E2=80=94 was repulsed and resulted in heavy Confederate losses. The General rode out to meet his retreating army and proclaimed, "This is all my fault." Lee was compelled to retreat. Despite flooded rivers that blocked his retreat, he escaped Meade's ineffective pursuit. Following his defeat at Gettysburg, Lee sent a letter of resignation to President Davis on August 8, 1863, but Davis refused Lee's request. That fall, Lee and Meade met again in two minor campaigns that did little to change the strategic standoff. The Confederate army never fully recovered from the substantial losses incurred during the three-day battle in southern Pennsylvania. The historian Shelby Foote stated, "Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having Robert E. Lee as commander."}

^{Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive}

^{In 1864, the new Union general-in-chief, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, sought to use his large advantages in manpower and material resources to destroy Lee's army by attrition, pinning Lee against his capital of Richmond. Lee successfully stopped each attack, but Grant with his superior numbers kept pushing each time a bit farther to the southeast. These battles in the Overland Campaign included the Wilderness= , = Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. Grant eventually was able to stealthily move his army across the James River. After stopping a Union attempt to capture Petersburg, Virginia, a vital railroad link supplying Richmond, Lee's men built elaborate trenches and were besieged in Petersburg. (This development = presaged the trench warfare of World War I, exactly 50 years later.) He attempted to break the stalemate by sending Jubal A. Early on a raid through the Shenandoah Valley to Washington, D.C., but was defeated early on by the superior forces of Philip Sheridan. The Siege of Petersburg lasted from June 1864 until March 1865, with Lee's outnumbered and poorly supplied army shrinking daily because of desertions by disheartened Confederates.}

^{General-in-chief}

^{On January 31, 1865, Lee was promoted to general-in-chief of Confederate forces.}

^{As the South ran out of manpower the issue of arming the slaves became paramount. By late 1864 the army so dominated the Confederacy that civilian leaders were unable to block the military's proposal, strongly endorsed by Lee, to arm and train slaves in Confederate uniform for combat. In return for this service, slave soldiers and their families would be emancipated. Lee explained, "We should employ them without delay ... [along with] gradual and general emancipation." The first units were in training as the war ended.[<= /SPAN>24] As the Confederate army was decimated by casualties, disease and desertion, the Union attack on Petersburg= succeeded on April 2, 1865. Lee abandoned Richmond and retreated west. His forces were surrounded and he surrendered them to Grant on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his Fare= well Address to his army.}

^{Lee resisted calls by some officers to reject surrender and allow = small units to melt away into the mountains, setting up a lengthy guerrilla war. He insisted the war was over and energetically campaigned for inter-sectional reconciliation. "So far from engaging in a war to perpetuate slavery, I am rejoiced that slavery is abolished. I believe it will be greatly for the interests of the South."[<= /SPAN>25]}

^{After the war}

^{Before the Civil War, Lee and his wife had lived at his wife's family = home, the Custis-Lee Mansion on Arlington Plantation. The plantation had been seized by Union forces during the war, and became part of Arlingt= on National Cemetery; immediately following the war, Lee spent two months in a rented house in Richmond, and then escaped the unwelcome city life by moving into the overseer's house of a friend's plantation near Cartersville, Virginia.[26] (In December 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, returned the property to Custis Lee, stating that it had been confiscated without due process of law.[27][28] On March 3, 1883, the Congress purchased the property from Lee for $150,000.[29])}

^{While living in the country, Lee wrote his son that he hoped to retire to a farm of his own, but a few weeks later he received an offer to serve as the president of Washington College (now Washi= ngton and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. Lee accepted, and remained president of the College from October 2, 1865 until his death. Over five years, he transformed Washington College from a small, undistinguished school into one of the first American colleges to offer courses in business, journalism, and Spanish. He also imposed a simple concept of honor=E2=80=94"We have but one rule, and it is that every student is a gentleman" =E2=80=94 that endures today at Washington and Lee and at a few other schools that continue to maintain "honor systems." Importantly, Lee focused the college on attracting male students from the North as well as the South.}

^{Postwar politics}

^{Lee, who had opposed secession and remained mostly indifferent to politics before the Civil War, supported President Andrew Johnson's plan of Presidential Reconstruction that took effect in 1865-66. However, he opposed the Congressional Republican program that took effect in 1867. In February 1866, he was called to = testify before the Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstruction in Washington, where he expressed support for President Andrew Johnson's plans for quick restoration of the former Confederate states, and argued that restoration should return, as far as possible, the status quo ante in the Southern states' governments (with the exception of slavery).[30] Lee said, "every one with whom I associate expresses kind feelings towards the freedmen. They wish to see them get on in the world, and particularly to take up some occupation for a living, and to turn their hands to some work." Lee also expressed his "willingness that blacks should be educated, and ... that it would be better for the blacks and for the whites." Lee forthrightly opposed allowing blacks to vote: "My own opinion is that, at this time, they [black Southerners] cannot vote intelligently, and that giving them the [vote] would lead to a great deal of demagogism, and lead to embarrassments in various ways."[31]}

^{In an interview in May, 1866, Lee said, "The Radical party are likely to do a great deal of harm, for we wish now for good feeling to grow up between North and South, and the President, Mr. Johnson, has been doing much to strengthen the feeling in favor of the Union among us. The relations between the Negroes and the whites were friendly formerly, and would remain so if legislation be not passed in favor of the blacks, in a way that will only do them harm."[<= /SPAN>32]}

^{In 1868, Lee's ally Alexander H. H. Stuart drafted a public letter of endorsement for the Demo= cratic Party's presidential campaign, in which Horatio Seymour ran against Lee's old foe Republican Ulysses S. Grant. Lee signed it along with thirty-one other ex-Confederates. The Democratic campaign, eager to publicize the endorsement, published the statement widely in newspapers.[33] Their letter claimed paternalistic concern for the welfare of freed Southern blacks, stating that "The idea that the Southern people are hostile to the negroes and would oppress them, if it were in their power to do so, is entirely unfounded. They have grown up in our midst, and we have been accustomed from childhood to look upon them with kindness."[34] However, it also called for the restoration of white political rule, arguing that "It is true that the people of the South, in common with a large majority of the people of the North and West, are, for obvious reasons, inflexibly opposed to any system of laws that would place the political power of the country in the hands of the negro race. But this opposition springs from no feeling of enmity, but from a deep-seated conviction that, at present, the negroes have neither the intelligence nor the other qualifications which are necessary to make them safe depositories of political power."[35]}

^{In his public statements and private correspondence, however, Lee = argued that a tone of reconciliation and patience would further the interests of white Southerners better than hotheaded antagonism to federal authority or the use of violence. He repeatedly expelled white students from Washington College for violent attacks on local black men, and publicly urged obedience to the authorities and respect for law and order.[36] In 1869-70 he was a leader in successful efforts to establish state-funded schools for blacks.[37] He privately chastised fellow ex-Confederates such as Jefferson Davis and Jubal Early for their frequent, angry responses to perceived Northern insults, writing in private to them as he had written to a magazine editor in 1865, that "It should be the object of all to avoid controversy, to allay passion, give full scope to reason and to every kindly feeling. By doing this and encouraging our citizens to engage in the duties of life with all their heart and mind, with a determination not to be turned aside by thoughts of the past and fears of the future, our country will not only be restored in material prosperity, but will be = advanced in science, in virtue and in religion."[38]}

^{Lee attended a meeting of ex-Confederates in 1870, during which he = expressed regrets about his surrender at Appomattox Court House, given the effects of Republican Reconstruction policy on the South. Speaking to former Confederate Governor of Texas Fletcher Stockdale, he said:}

^{Governor, if I had foreseen the use those people [Yankees] designed to make of their victory, there would have been no surrender at Appomattox Courthouse; no sir, not by me. Had I foreseen these results of subjugation, I would have preferred to die at Appomattox with my brave men, my sword in my right hand.[39]}

^Citizenship

^{Lee sent his request for a complete individual pardon, along with an oath of allegiance, to President Andrew Johnson in 1865,[40] and his application for amnesty encouraged many other former members of the Confederacy's armed forces to accept restored U.S. citizenship.[citation needed] However, the application was delivered to the desk of Secretary of State William H. Seward, who, assuming that the matter had been dealt with by someone else and that this was just a personal copy, filed it away.[citation needed] Lee took the lack of response to mean that = the government wished to retain the right to prosecute him in the = future.[citation needed] (Lee's right to vote was restored in 1888.)[40]Elmer Oris Parker,[citation needed] an employee of the National Archives, found the oath of allegiance in 1970[<= /SPAN>41] among old State Department records.[40]}

^{In 1975 after a five-year campaign by Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr., a resolution to posthumously restore Lee's full rights of citizenship passed by a unanimous April U.S. Senate vote and a 407-10, U.S. House of Representatives vote,[40] with the resolution effective June 13, 1975.[citation needed] President Gerald R. Ford signed the resolution on August 5, 1975 on the portico of the Lee mansion, with a dozen of Lee's descendants attending (including = Robert E. Lee V, great-great-grandson).[40]}

^{Illness and death}

^{On September 28, 1870, Lee suffered a stroke that left him without the ability to speak. Lee died from the effects of pneumonia shortly after 9 a.m. on October 12, 1870, in Lexington, Virginia. He was buried underneath Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University, where his body remains today. According to J. William Jones' Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee, his last words, on the day of his death, were "Tell Hill he must come up. Strike the tent," but this is debatable because of conflicting accounts. Since Lee's stroke resulted in aphasia, last words may have been impossible. Lee was treated homeopathically for this illness.[42]}

^Legacy

^{Among Southerners, Lee came to be even more revered after his surrender than he had been during the war (when Stonewall Jackson had been the great Confederate hero, particularly after Jackson's death at Chancellorsville). Admirers pointed to his character and devotion to duty, not to mention his brilliant tactical successes in battle after battle against a stronger foe. Military historians continue to pay attention to his battlefield tactics and maneuvering, though many think he should have designed better strategic plans for the Confederacy. However, it should be noted that he was not given full direction of the Southern war effort until very late in the conflict. His reputation continued to build and by 1900 his cult had spread into the North, signaling a national apotheosis.[43] Today among the devotees of "The Lost Cause," General Lee is referred to as "The Marble Man."}
 

	-	He was a foe without hate; a friend without treachery; a soldier without cruelty; a victor without oppression, and a victim without murmuring. He was a public officer without vices; a private citizen without wrong; a neighbour without reproach; a Christian without hypocrisy, and a man without guile. He was a Caesar, without his ambition; Frederick, without his tyranny; Napoleon, without his selfishness, and Washington, without his reward.	-
Benjamin Harvey Hill of Georgia referring to Robert Edward Lee during an address before the Southern Historical Society in Atlanta, Georgia on February 18, 1874[44][45]

Civil War-era letters

On September 29, 2007, General Lee's 3 Civil War-era letters were sold for $61,000 at auction by Thomas Willcox, much less than the record of $630,000 for a Lee item in 2002. The auction included more than 400 documents of Lee's from the estate of the parents of Willcox that had been in the family for generations. South Carolina sued to stop the sale on the grounds that the letters were official documents and therefore property of the state, but the court ruled in favor of Wilcox.^[46]

^{Monuments, memorials and commemorations}

^Monuments

• ^{Since it was built in 1884, the most prominent monument in New Orleans has been a 60-foot (18 m)-tall monument to General Lee. A sixteen and a half foot statue of Lee stands tall upon a towering column of white marble in the middle of Lee Circle. The statue of Lee, which weighs more than 7,000 pounds, faces the North. Lee Circle is situated along New Orleans' famous St. Charles Avenue. The New Orleans streetcars roll past Lee Circle and New Orleans' best Mardi Gras parades go around Lee Circle (the spot is so popular that bleachers are set up annually around the perimeter for Mardi Gras). Around the corner from Lee Circle is New Orleans' Confederate Museum, which contains the second largest collection of Confederate memorabilia in the world.[<= /SPAN>47] In a tribute to Lee Circle (which had formerly been known as Tivoli Circle), former Confederate soldier George Washington Cable wrote:}

^{"In Tivoli Circle, New Orleans, from the centre and apex of its green flowery mound, an immense column of pure white marble rises in the ... majesty of Grecian proportions high up above the city's house-tops into the dazzling sunshine ... On its dizzy top stands the bronze figure of one of the worlds greatest captains. He is alone. Not one of his mighty lieutenants stand behind, beside or below him. His arms are folded on that breast that never knew fear, and his calm, dauntless gaze meets the morning sun as it rises, like the new posperity of the land he loved and serve so masterly, above the far distant battle fields where so many thousands of his gray veterans lie in the sleep of fallen heroes." (Silent South, 1885, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine)}

• ^{A large equestrian statue of Lee by French sculptor Jean Antonin Merci=C3=A9 is the centerpiece of Richmond, Virginia's famous Monument Avenue, which boasts four other statues to famous Confederates. This monument to Lee was unveiled on May 29, 1890. Over 100,000 people attended this dedication.}

• ^{Robert E. Lee is also featured in the carving on Stone Mountain.}

• ^{Robert E. Lee is shown mounted on Traveller in Gettysburg National Park on top of the Virginia Monument}

^Holidays

^{The birthday of Robert E. Lee is celebrated or commemorated in:}

• ^{The state of Virginia as part of Lee-Jackson Day, which was separated from the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday there in 2001. The King holiday falls on the third Monday in January while the Lee-Jackson Day holiday is celebrated on the Friday preceding it.}
• ^{The state of Texas celebrates, as part of Confederate Heroes Day on January 19, Lee's actual birthday.}
• ^{The states of Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi on the third Monday in January, along with Martin Luther King, Jr.}
• ^{The state of Georgia on the day after Thanksgiving.}
• ^{The state of Florida, as a legal holiday and public holiday, on January 19.[48]}

^{Geographic features}

• ^{Robert Lee, Texas}
• ^{The Leesville half of Batesburg-Leesville, South Carolina.}
• ^{Fort Lee in Prince George County, Virginia.}
• ^{Lee County, Alabama; Lee County, Arkansas; Lee County, Florida; Lee County, Kentucky; Lee County, Mississippi; Lee County, North Carolina; Lee County, South Carolina; Lee County, Texas; Lee County, Virginia.}
• ^{Lee Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana=E2=80=94one of the city's major streets, it is located near the Louisian= a State University. Robert E. Lee High School is located on the street.}
• ^{Lee Highway, a National Auto Trail in the United States connecting New York City and San Francisco, California via the South and Southwest.}
• ^{Lee Avenue, in Manassas, Virginia, was named after Robert E. Lee and intersects with Grant Avenue in front of the old Prince William County Courthouse. Grant Avenue was named after General Ulysses S. Grant.}
• ^{Robert E. Lee Memorial Park, Baltimore, MD}
• ^{Robert E. Lee is on the carving on Stone Mountain in Georgia}
• ^{Robert E. Lee Blvd in New Orleans}
• ^{Lee Circle, New Orleans, with doric column surmounted by a statue of Lee}

^{Schools and universities}

• ^{Robert E. Lee Academy, Bishopville, South Carolina}

• ^{Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia}
• ^{Lee College, Baytown, TX}

• ^{Several high schools. See Robert E. Lee High School.}
• ^{Lee High School, Houston, Texas}
• ^{Lee-Davis High School, Mechanicsville, Virginia}
• ^{Southern Lee High School, Sanford, North Carolina}
• ^{Lee County High School, Sanford, North Carolina}
• ^{Robert E. Lee High School, Baytown, Texas}
• ^{Upson-Lee High School, Thomaston, Georgia}
• ^{Washington-Lee High School, Arlington, Virginia}
• ^{Robert E. Lee Junior High School, Monroe, Louisiana}
• ^{Robert E. Lee Junior High School, San Angelo, Texas}
• ^{Robert E. Lee Middle School, Orlando, Florida}

• ^{Several elementary schools. See Rob= ert E. Lee Elementary School.}

^Memorials

• ^{Arlington House, also known as the Custis-Lee Mansion and located in present-day Arlingt= on National Cemetery, is maintained by the National Park Service as a memorial to Lee.}
• ^{The Virginia State Memorial at Gettysburg Battlefield is topped by an equestrian statue of Lee by Frederick = William Sievers, facing roughly in the direction of Pickett's Charge.}
• ^{Lee is one of the figures depicted in bas-relief carved into Stone Mountain near Atlanta, Georgia. Accompanying him on horseback in the relief are Stonewall Jackson and Jefferson Davis.}
• ^{A statue of Lee on horseback, located in Robert E. Lee Park, in Dallas, Texas.}
• ^{Despite his presidential pardon by Gerald Ford and his continuing to being held in high regard by many Americans, Lee's portrayal on a mural on Richmond's Flood Wall on the James River was considered offensive by some, was removed in the late 1990s, but currently is back on the flood wall.}
• ^{The USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601) was a submarine named for Lee, built in 1958}
• ^{The Mississippi River steamboat, Robert E. Lee, was named for Lee after the Civil War. It was the participant in an 1870 St. Louis - New Orleans race with the Natchez VI, which was featured in a =Currier and Ives lithograph. The Robert E. Lee won the said race. The steamboat also inspired a song Waiting for the Robert E. Lee (Lewis Muir-L. Wolfe Gilbert).}
• ^{In 1900, Lee was one of the first 29 individuals selected for the =Ha= ll of Fame for Great Americans (the first Hall of Fame in the United States), designed by Stanford White, on the Bronx, New York, campus of New York University, now a part of Bronx Community College.}

Robert E Lee Monument, Charlottesville, Virginia, Leo Lentilli, sculptor, 1924

Robert E Lee, Virginia Monument, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Frederick William Sievers, sculptor, 1917

Lee by Merci, Monument Avenue, Richmond, =Virginia, 1890

Statue of Lee in Dallas, Texas

^Notes

^References

• ^{Blassingame, John W. (July 1977), Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0807102733} 
• ^{Connelly, Thomas Lawrence (1977), The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American society, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN= 0-394-47179-2 .}
• ^{Davis, William C.; Pohanka, Brian C.; Troiani, Don (1997), Civil War Journal, The Leaders, Rutledge Hill Press, ISBN 0-517-22193-4 .}
• ^{Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001), Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 .}
• ^{Fellman, Michael (2000), The Making of Robert E. Lee, Random House, =ISBN= 0-679-45650-3 .}
• ^{Freeman, Douglas S. (1934), R. E. Lee, A Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Rob= ert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html, retrieved on 2008-05-20} 
• ^{Fuller, J. F. C. (1957), Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship, =Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-13400-5 .}
• ^{Hughes Jr., Nathaniel C.; Liddell, St. John R. (1997), Liddell's Record, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8071-2218-1 .}
• ^{Lee, Edmund Jennings (1983), Lee of Virginia 1642-1892, Genealogical Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8063-0604-1 .}
• ^{Lee, Robert Edward (2000), Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee, Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2323, retrieved on 2008-05-20} 
• ^{Nolan, Alan T. (1991), Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN= 0-8078-4587-6 .}
• ^{Warner, Ezra J. (1959), Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 .}

^{Further reading}

^Biographical

• ^{Blount, Roy, Jr. Robert E. Lee Penguin Putnam, 2003. 210 pp., short popular biography}
• ^{Carmichael, Peter S., ed. Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee Louisiana State U. Pr., 2004.}
• ^{Connelly, Thomas L., "The Image and the General: Robert E. Lee in American Historiography." Civil War History 19 (March 1973): 50-64.}
• ^{Connelly, Thomas L., The Marble Man. Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.}
• ^{Connelly, Thomas L., "Robert E. Lee and the Western Confederacy: A Criticism of Lee's Strategic Ability." Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32}
• ^{Cooke, John E., "A Life of General Robert E. Lee" Kessinger Publishing, 2004.}
• ^{Dowdey, Clifford. Lee 1965.}
• ^{Fellman, Michael (2000), The Making of Robert E. Lee. New York: Random House (ISBN 0-679-45650-3).}
• ^{Fishwick, Marshall W. Lee after the War 1963.}
• ^{Flood, Charles Bracelen. Lee =E2=80=94 The Last Years 1981. =}
• ^{Gary W. Gallagher; Lee the Soldier. University of Nebraska Press, 1996}
• ^{Gary W. Gallagher; Lee & His Army in Confederate History. University of North Carolina Press, 2001}
• ^{McCaslin, Richard B. Lee in the Shadow of Washington. Louisiana State University Press, 2001.}
• ^{Pryor, Elizabeth Brown; Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters. New York: Viking, 2007.}
• ^{Reid, Brian Holden. Robert E. Lee: Icon for a Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.}
• ^{Thomas, Emory Robert E. Lee W.W. Norton & Co., 1995 (ISBN 0-393-03730-4) full-scale biography}

^{Military campaigns}

• ^{Bonekemper, III, Edward H. How Robert E. Lee Lost the Civil War. Sergeant Kirkland's Press, Fredericksburg, VA. 1997. ISBN 1-887901-15-9}
• ^{Brown, Kent Masterson. Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005.}
• ^{Cagney, James "Animations of the Campaigns of Robert E. Lee" Click Here for the Animations (2008)}
• ^{Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel, The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25-August 6, 1864 (1989)}
• ^{Davis, William C. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg (1986).}
• ^{Dowdey, Clifford. The Seven Days 1964.}
• ^{Freeman, Douglas S., Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command (3 volumes), Scribners, 1946, ISBN 0-684-85979-3.}
• ^{Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C., Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship, Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5.}
• ^{Gott, Kendall D., Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862, Stackpole Books, 2003, ISBN= 0-8117-0049-6.}
• ^{Grimsley, Mark, And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May-June 1864 University of Nebraska Press, 2002.}
• ^{Harsh, Joseph L. Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 Kent State University Press, 1999}
• ^{Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; online edition}
• ^{McWhiney, Grady, Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee (1995)}
• ^{Maney, R. Wayne, Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864 (1994).}
• ^{Marvel, William. Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.}
• ^{Matter, William D., If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania (1988)}
• ^{Rhea, Gordon C., The Battle of the Wilderness May 5=E2=80=936, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.}
• ^{Rhea, Gordon C., The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7=E2=80=9312, 1864, Louisiana State = University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.}
• ^{Rhea, Gordon C., To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13=E2=80=9325, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.}
• ^{Rhea, Gordon C., Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 =E2=80=93 June 3, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.}
• ^{Miller, J. Michael, The North Anna Campaign: "Even to Hell Itself," May 21-26, 1864 (1989).}
• ^{Steere, Edward, The Wilderness Campaign (1960)}

^{Primary sources}

• ^{Dowdey, Clifford. and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961.}
• ^{Freeman, Douglas Southall. ed. Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862-65. Rev. ed., with foreword by Grady McWhiney. 1957.}
• ^{Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; online edition}
• ^{Missouri History Museum. Robert E. Lee Collection}
• ^{Taylor, Walter H. Four Years with General Lee Reprint. 1962.}
• ^{Taylor, Walter H. General Lee =E2=80=94 His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861-1865. Reprint. 1975}

^{External links}

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Military offices
Preceded by Henry Brewerton	Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1852 - 1855	Succeeded by John Gross Barnard
Preceded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston	Commander, Army of Northern Virginia 1862 - 1865	End of Confederate States
Preceded by None, position was created with Lee's appointment	General-in-Chief of the Confederate States Army January 31, 1865 -3 April 9 1865

 
 

v=E2=80=A2d=E2=80=A2e Gettysburg figures